Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems

Cells

Definition of Life, Cell Theory

Which of the following is not one of the main ideas of cell theory? Solution

All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.

All cells can carry out the same functions

The cell is the most basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms.

All cells are made from other, existing cells.

None of the above.

All cells cannot carry out the same functions

Cell Definitions

An organism can be made of only one cell. Solution

True

False

E.g.) Amoeba or Paramecium.

All living organisms are made of Solution

Organs

Tissues

Organ systems

Cells

None of the above

All living organisms are made of cells. Single-celled organisms do not contain organ systems, organs, or tissues.

Cells and Differences

The main difference below, between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is, Solution

Eukaryotes are single-celled organisms

Prokaryotes are plant cells

All eukaryotes contain a protective cell wall

There is no nucleus in prokaryotes

The rate of cell division

Eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not.

The main difference between plant and animal cells is the presence of a Solution

Nuclear membrane

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Cell wall

Endoplasmic reticulum

The main difference between plant and animal cells is the presence of a cell wall. Also animal cells don't have chloroplasts.

Explain two organelle differences you would observe comparing onion and skin cells under a microscope. Solution
Only onion cells would have cell wall, and chloroplast...

Cellular respiration occurs in both plant and animal cells, while photosynthesis can only occur in plant cells. Solution

Creative Commons Credit: CC BY-SA 3.0, Kristian Peters, 2006

True

False

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, which is found in both plant and animal cells. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, which are only found in plant cells.

Cell Functions

Which of the following is responsible for cellular transport throughout the cell? Solution

Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Cell membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Cellular transport throughout the cell occurs with a process called diffusion. Diffusion is the transport of molecules across a gradient of high concentration towards lower concentration in a fluid.

In which organelle does the following reaction take place? Solution glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Chloroplast

Chlorophyll

Nucleus

Vacuole

Mitochondria

This manufacture of energy from sugar occurs in the mitochondria. The powerhouse of cells.

Cell Division

The phase of the cell cycle in which genetic material is copied is Solution

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Interphase: DNA is copied and the cell grows to prepare for cellular division.

Cell Division

The phase of the cell cycle in which chromosomes are first visible under microscope is Solution

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Prophase: the chromosomes condense into visible forms under a microscope.

The final stage of cell division is called telophase Solution

True

False

The final phase is cytokinesis, which the cell is split into two daughter cells.

The longest cellular phase is interphase. Solution

True

False

(Technically this is not the longest phase of mitosis because interphase is not considered a part of mitosis-PMAT).

Cell Division

What occurs during anaphase? Solution

Public Domain: Roy van Heesbeen, 2008

Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell

The chromatids rearrange at opposite ends of the cell

The nuclear membrane dissolves

The cytoplasm divides

The chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell

P.M.A.T...

The nuclear membrane dissolves during prophase.

Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell in metaphase.

The chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell in anaphase.

The chromatids rearrange at opposite ends of the cell in telophase and nuclear membrane forms.

(The cytoplasm divides in cytokinesis)

Cell Division

Draw the 6 stages of mitosis. Solution
I.-P.M.A.T.-C.

The cell is at rest in interphase

The nuclear membrane dissolves during prophase.

Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell in metaphase.

The chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell in anaphase.

The chromatids rearrange at opposite ends of the cell in telophase and nuclear membrane forms.

(The cytoplasm divides in cytokinesis)

Draw the following stages (not shown): interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

Cell Division: Cancer

Cancer cells that grow in a confined region and do not spread, are called Solution

Metastatic

Benign

Malignant

Carcinogenic

Mutagenic

Benign.

Cancer is defined when cells grow too large. Solution

True

False

Cancer is when cells grow uncontrollably, at an increased rate of cell division. (Growing too large is a result/indication)

Cell Division: Cancer

Describe how cell division is involved in cancer and state at least three causes of cancer. [4] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

During cell division DNA is replicated. If a part of the DNA that is responsible for controlling cell division gets mutated, the resulting cells could grow and divide uncontrollably at an increased rate - this is cancer. Some things that can cause cancer: smoking, radiation, or hereditary gene mutations. (Answers may vary)

Cell Systems

Organization of Cell Systems

Rank the following levels of organization in organisms from the smallest level to the highest (from top to bottom). Solution

Organ

Cell

Organism

Organ System

Tissue

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

Tissue Definition

Tissue is: Solution

A group of cellular organelles that fulfill the same role

A grouping of cells with different specialization

A system of organs that function together

A group of cells that perform a similar function

The smallest, most basic subunit of life

Tissue: cells that perform a similar function.

Tissues

Which type of tissue is described as long, thin cells that conduct electrical impulses? Solution

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Nerve Tissue.

Tissues

The heart is an example of what type of tissue? Solution

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Which tissue lines the digestive tract? Solution

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Bone is an example of what type of tissue? Solution

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Connective Tissue

Tissues

Fill in the blanks: _ connect muscle to bone, and _ connect bone to bone. Solution

Muscle, Tissue

Tendons, Ligaments

Ligaments, Tendons

Muscle, Ligaments

Tendons, Tissue

Tendons connect muscle to bone, and ligaments connect bone to bone.

Cell Outcomes

Choose the most correct answer. A cell that is capable of dividing in to many different types of tissue cells is called a: Solution

Blood cell

Reproductive cell

Egg cell

Fetal cell

Stem cell

Stem cells are considered pluripotent. While egg, or reproductive cells could divide into many different cells once fertilized, it is the stem cells that directly split into different types. Stem cells is the most correct answer choice.

Stem Cells

State two sources of stem cells in animals. [2] Solution

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Bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood from newborns.
(Answers may vary...)

The Musculoskeletal System

Smooth muscle tissue contracts voluntarily Solution

True

False

Smooth muscle tissue contracts involuntarily

Which of the following statements is not true? Solution

Muscles contract when the nervous system interacts with the musculoskeletal system

Muscles consume energy

Muscles can pull in tension, and push in compression

The musculoskeletal system consists of voluntary muscle and not involuntary muscle

The musculoskeletal system does not consist of smooth muscle

Muscles cannot exert a 'push' force. Muscles only have tensile strength.

The musculoskeletal system does not include smooth muscle. Smooth muscles are part of involuntary muscle groups... like the digestive (GI tract), urinary (bladder), or circulatory systems (blood vessels).

Musculoskeletal muscle is voluntary (somatic), but smooth muscle involuntary (autonomic).

The Respiratory System

During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage contracts Solution

True

False

True. (Animals have to respire actively with the diaphragm, whereas plants don't have to do anything, they passively respire through the stoma by the concentration gradient of gases).

Gas exchange between blood and the air occurs in the capillary sacs, across a cell wall by a process called diffusion. Solution

True

False

alveoli

The Circulatory System

The smallest blood vessels are called Solution

Arteries

Veins

Venules

Arterioles

Capillaries

Capillaries

The function of the circulatory system is to Solution

Transport metabolic waste products away from the cells

Transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

Exchange gases between the blood and the air

I only

II only

I and II only

II and III only

I, II, and III

All of the above

Capillaries carry Solution

Oxygenated blood only

Deoxygenated blood only

Blood to the heart

Blood that undergoes diffusion during gas exchange

None of the above

Careful, capillaries carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which undergoes gas exchange through diffusion. Carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste processes in deoxygenated blood are carried away in the blood stream.

The Circulatory System: Blood Components

Which of the following is the most plentiful component of blood? Solution

White blood cells

Plasma

Red blood cells

Platelets

Antigens

Plasma is about 55% of blood volume, and red blood cells are 45%. Plasma contains plasma cells, electrolytes (ions such as Ca²⁺, Na⁺, HCO₃^-...), proteins, hormones, dissolved gases, and more.

Which of the following is primarily responsible for causing blot clots? Solution

White blood cells

Plasma

Red blood cells

Platelets

Antigens

Platelets form a web-like matrix when activated, to clump and clot. This is good when sealing wounds, but bad when clumping occurs inside important blood vessels.

Creative Commons: BruceBlaus, 2013

Red blood cells and platelets do not have a nucleus. Solution

True

False

True, red blood cells and platelets do not have a nucleus. (White blood cells do have a nucleus).

The Circulatory System

The heart is made entirely of three different types of tissues. Solution

True

False

Muscle, nerve, and connective tissue.

The Circulatory System

Arteries are defined as blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood. Solution

True

False

Arteries are defined as blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. However, arteries do not always carry oxygenated blood. An example of arterial blood that is not oxygenated is the blood travelling from the heart to the lungs.

The Circulatory System

Deoxygenated blood coming from the body enters what part of the heart first? Solution

Creative Commons: Rogeriopfm, 2009

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Left atrium

Aorta

The right atrium (on the right side of the heart) receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava.

The Circulatory System

Describe at least two functions of the circulatory system. [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Transport gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body.

Transport nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and glucose.

Transport metabolic wastes out of cells. Fight against infections.

The Digestive System: Components

Which of the following is not part of the digestive system? Solution

Small intestine

Esophagus

Stomach

Mouth

Trachea

Trachea is part of the respiratory system.

The liver and gall bladder are both accessory organs of the digestive system. Solution

True

False

The accessory organs of the digestive system includes the: liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

The Digestive System: Functions

Water and nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the stomach. Solution

True

False

While some absorption occurs in all different areas, water absorption occurs mainly in the large intestine. Nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine.

Bile is produced in the Solution

Stomach

Small intestine

Liver

Pancreas

Gallbladder

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

The Nervous System

The brain is part of the peripheral nervous system Solution

True

False

The brain is part of the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is the nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

The Nervous System

The smallest divisible cell component of the nervous system is the neuron. Solution

True

False

The dendrites, nucleus, cell body, myelin, and axon come together to make up the neuron cell.

Cell Systems

The system that provides structural support for the body is the Solution

Musculoskeletal system

Digestive system

Circulatory system

Urinary system

Nervous system

Musculoskeletal system.

The nephron is part of which system? Solution

Musculoskeletal system

Digestive system

Circulatory system

Urinary system

Reproductive system

Urinary system.

Cell Systems

Fill in the blanks regarding the interaction between the circulatory and respiratory systems, and the main organs of each system. Solution

The circulatory-respiratory interaction occurs at the (I)-alveoli boundaries.

The gas exchange occurs with (II) moving from the respiratory (alveoli) to the circulatory system (capillary), and carbon dioxide moving from the circulatory (capillary) to the respiratory system (alveoli).

The gas exchange is driven by the concentration (III) of gases, always from high to low concentration.

This movement of blood is driven by the (IV).

The circulatory system collects many different metabolic waste products from the body, including carbon dioxide.

The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the (V), then pumps the oxygenated blood back to the heart to be distributed to the body again.

Hint Clear Info

I =
II =
III =
IV =
V =

Incorrect Attempts:

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The circulatory-respiratory interaction occurs at the capillary-alveoli boundaries.

The gas exchange occurs with oxygen moving from the respiratory (alveoli) to the circulatory system (capillary), and carbon dioxide moving from the circulatory (capillary) to the respiratory system (alveoli).

The gas exchange is driven by the concentration gradient of gases, always from high to low concentration.

This movement of blood is driven by the heart.

The circulatory system collects many different metabolic waste products from the body, including carbon dioxide.

The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, then pumps the oxygenated blood back to the heart to be distributed to the body again.

Plant Systems

Plant Systems: Photosynthesis

What molecule is missing from the equation below? Solution $Energy + \ \ ? \ \ + Water \ \xrightarrow{chlorophyll} \ Oxygen + Glucose$

Hint Clear Info

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Carbon dioxide, CO₂.

(This is the carbon source for the glucose that is made in photosynthesis.)

Plant Systems: Carbon

Carbon is one of the major macronutrients in plants.

Where does a plant derive this macronutrient? Solution

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Carbon dioxide, CO₂, from the air.

(This is the carbon source for the glucose that is made in photosynthesis.)

Carbon is also a component of many other parts: cell wall, genetic material, proteins, etc...

Indoor plants are commonly used in offices or at home to remove CO₂ and volatile organic compounds, and to increase O₂. Of the options below, what property of plants would indicate the most effective plant for the highest rate of CO₂ removal? Assume all other requirements of the plant are provided in excess. Solution

Greenest leaves

Longest lifespan

Largest leaves

Fastest growth

Most number of leaves

While many of the answer choices appear correct, the plant with the fastest growth would use (sequester) carbon with the fastest rate. Since carbon is one of the major macronutrients in plants, it is required for use in many things, including growth. Fast growing plants is an indication of high CO₂ use.

Plant Systems: Energy Production

The process in which plants convert light energy into chemical energy is called Solution

Sequestration

Deposition

Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cellular Grouping

Photosynthesis. (The light energy is transformed into, chemical energy stored as glucose)

Which of the following gases is a by-product of cellular respiration in plants? Solution

Oxygen

Ozone

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Carbon Dioxide

A by-product is a secondary product made during the manufacture or synthesis of the main product. Energy is produced through cellular respiration and one of the main by-products is carbon dioxide, CO₂.

Plant Systems: Energy Production

What molecule does a plant use to store its energy? Solution

Sugar (Glucose)

Chloroplast

ATP (Phosphate)

Oxygen

CO₂

Plants photosynthesize energy from the Sun into sugar (glucose), which is stored in the plant cells for later energy use through cellular respiration.

In plants, which of the following occurs both during the day and at night? Solution

Carbon dioxide production

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Cellular respiration

None of the above

It is true that cellular respiration occurs both day and night. This process is necessary in both plants and animals to produce the energy required to sustain life.

Plant Systems: Energy Production and Storage

Carrots have taproot (root) systems while potatoes have tuber (stems) systems underground. Describe what is primarily stored in these systems, and explain the path it takes to get there. Solution
Carrot taproots and potato tubers store starch, which comes from the glucose sugar produced in the chloroplasts in the leaf organs. This sugar is transported by the vascular tissue system from the leaf mesophyll (ground tissue system) down the phloem tissue.

The sugar produced by any plant is mainly stored in its root system. Solution

True

False

Only some plants mainly store the sugar in the roots. It depends on the plant. Some plants store most of the sugar in the fruit, or in the flowers, or even in the stem...

Plant Cells and Systems

Copy the different classifications, for use up ahead... It's tricky to go without this.

The 2 Organ Systems

Shoot system (flower, fruit, leaf, stem)

Root system (only root)

The 3 Organs

Leaf

Stem

Root

The 3 Tissue Systems

Dermal

Vascular

Ground

Some Tissue Examples (many others...)

Epidermis

Xylem

Phloem

Parenchyma

...

Some Cell Examples (many others...)

Guard cells

Stomata cells

Stem cells

...

Plant Cells and Systems

Gas exchange occurs through the stomata in plant cells, which is part of the respiratory system in plants. Solution

True

False

True. The stomata cells in plants are part of the dermal tissue system, on the outer layer of the plant, and are also considered part of the respiratory system. These are overlapping systems in the case of stomata...

The cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata pores in plants are called guard cells. Solution

True

False

True. Stomata are pores in the surface of a leaf that allow gas exchange: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour. The cells that regulate the opening and closing of these pores are called guard cells.

Plant Systems

A plant with a very thick, waxy cuticle layer would most likely be found in what environment? Solution

Wet

Dry

Hot

Cold

All of the above

The cuticle is the outer layer of the plant tissue and is necessary to protect against infection and to prevent the plant from drying out. A thick, waxy cuticle would protect a plant from many things, including protection from water loss in hot, dry, or cold conditions, and to prevent the plant tissue from disintegrating in wet environments.

Plant Systems

State the two main body (organ) systems of plants, and describe the main function of each system. [4] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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The root system is responsible for absorbing nutrients and water for the plant, and for structural support. The shoot system is made of the rest of the plant (stem, leaves, and flowers) and is responsible for photosynthesis and reproduction.

What are the two main types of root systems that originate from meristem cells? [2] Solution

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Hint Unavailable

1) Fibrous roots (like grass)
2) Taproots (like carrots, or radish, and trees) - can be primary, secondary, or tertiary

[Note: tubers like potatoes are not part of root system, its the stem, although there are some other tuberous roots. Note 2: adventitious roots are less common and do not originate from meristem.]

Plant Organs and Systems

Which of the following is not a part of the plant body system? Solution

Root organ system

Chlorophyll tissue system

Shoot organ system

Ground tissue system

Vascular tissue system

This is not one of the plant systems: "Chlorophyll tissue system". No such thing, it's false.

The 3 tissue systems in plants are:

Dermal (outer layer)

Vascular (fluid/nutrient transport)

Ground (support and function)

Plant Systems

The tissue system in plants responsible for distributing water and minerals throughout the plant is called the Solution

Dermal tissue system

Meristem tissue system

Ground tissue system

Vascular tissue system

Epidermal tissue system

Vascular tissue system consists of xylem and phloem.

Plant Systems: Division and Differentiation/Specialization

Cell division in plant cells occurs in the meristems. Solution

True

False

True. Cell division in plant cells occurs in the meristems.

Name two of the regions of the plant where the stem cells are located. [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Stem cells are located with the meristem, is located in apical/terminal regions (at roots and shoots), and lateral (in vascular xylem/phloem tissue), and intercalary (along the stem, for width growth). [Also accept axial meristem, or adventitious meristem]

Apical meristem cells can differentiate into which of the following cell, tissue, or tissue systems? Solution

Guard cell (dermal tissue)

Vascular tissue

Parenchyma cells

All of the above

Apical meristem cells differentiate into many different cell types to form many different tissues and tissue systems... Apical meristem cells can become any of the 3 tissue systems:
↓
Dermal, Ground, Vascular
↓
Makes many different cell types and tissues
↓
...

Plant Tissue

Which of the following things are carried out within the parenchyma located within the mesophyll? Solution

Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration

Other metabolism

All of the above

Parenchyma is a type of ground tissue within the mesophyll. Mesophyll is the palisade/spongy layer in the middle layer of the leaf. Most of photosynthesis occurs here, as well as cellular respiration, and other metabolic processes, etc... Mesophyll cells contain a nucleus, so there are many nuclear processes occuring...

Plant Vascular Tissue System

Xylem tissue is only found in the stem organs of plants. Solution

True

False

The xylem tissue is found in all three plant organs: roots, stems, and leaf. Its purpose is to distribute water and minerals from the roots to all other regions of the plant.

Which statement about xylem vascular tissue is incorrect? Solution

Xylem tissue dies at maturity

Xylem is located in the center of the stem and roots, not at the outer layers

Xylem is located within the mesophyll of the leaf

Xylem can transport water and nutrients upward from the roots and downward from the leaves

Xylem dies at maturity so it is hollow

Xylem is located at the center of roots and stems

Xylem is located within the mesophyll (in the middle layer of the leaf) near where the photosynthesis occurs, which requires lots of water

Xylem can only transport water and minerals upward.

Plant Tissue Systems

What part of the plant obtains water and what tissues transport this throughout the plant? [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Roots absorb water and dissolved minerals, transported up the xylem (not phloem). When you water a plant, or give it fertilizers, it is absorbed at the root and being transported in the xylem system only.

What part of the plant obtains sugars and what tissues transport them throughout the plant? [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Photosynthesis produces glucose in the mesophyll in the leaf, transported down the phloem (not xylem).

Plant Genetics

Within a plant, the genome is basically the same in every cell type. Solution

True

False

True - the genome is the same. But what causes the differences in cell types in differentiation/specialization is the selective expression of genes. This results in different traits like size, color, etc...

Plant genes are proteins. Solution

True

False

Plant genes are DNA, which encode for proteins. Genes are not proteins themselves. The selective expression creates different sets of proteins in different cell types.

Differences in plant cells only results from turing genes on or off. Solution

True

False

It is not only on or off. Most of the time the gene expression is controlled as more or less, rather than on or off. Different parts of the same genome (DNA) are turned into proteins in different amounts. This difference creates different amounts of molecules like proteins in different cells, resulting in different cell types...

Plant Viruses

Describe one main example of a plant virus that is devastating to plants. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) was the first infectious virus to be discovered in plants in the 1900s. It reduces crop yield and desirability. [This one is most commonly used in classed, at school.]

Describe one main example of a plant virus that is purposefully cultivated by humans. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Tulip Breaking Virus (TBV) results in colorful variations in tulips, that are valuable to tulip buyers and create an economy in certain regions... [also accept: Tulip break virus, Lily streak virus, Tulip mosaic virus, Lily mosaic virus]

Plants and Genetic Engineering

Explain one positive example of genetic engineering in plants. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Genetically engineered crops are more resistant to weather and some pests, resulting in higher yields, and reducing the use of harmful pesticides.

[Also accept creation of larger fruits and vegetables, faster growth = greater yield...]

[Also accept the selective removal of allergens to make more palatable to more people]

(Answers may vary...)

Explain one negative example of genetic engineering in plants. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Genetic engineering is entering into uncharted territory where we may not fully understand the long-term health implications, or may be missing/overlooking some crucial problem.

[Also accept the problem with one company owning the patent and farmers owing royalties and buying from one source.]

[Also accept the genetic similarity of some genetically engineered plants means some pests can evolve, exploit, and devastate some crops with disease.]

(Answers may vary...)

Flashcards: Biology

What is a unicellular organism?

An organism, such as an Amoeba or Paramecium, which is made of only 1 cell.

List from lowest order to highest order:

Organ, Tissue, Organ system, Cell

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system

What is one of the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus

What is the main difference between plant and animal cells?

Only plant cells have a cell wall

(because this is the necessary structural component for plants)

What is an organelle?

Different structures/components within a cell

What cellular organelle is used for transport within the cell?

Cytoplasm

Which organelle is used for metabolism?

Mitochondria

Can cellular respiration occur in plants?

Yes

Do plant cells contain mitochondria?

Yes

Do animal cells contain chloroplasts?

What occurs during interphase?

The cell rests and can copy genetic material before mitosis (PMAT) starts

In which phase of cell division do the chromosomes first condense?

Prophase

What is the longest of the cellular phases?

Interphase

Is interphase part of mitosis?

No, interphase is before mitosis

In what phase of cell cycle do the chromatids split apart?

Telophase

How is cell division involved in cancer?

Cancer is linked with uncontrolled/unregulated cell division at an increased rate.

What is tissue?

A group of cells that perform a specialized, similar function

Which type of tissue is described as long, thin cells that conduct electrical impulses?

Nerve Tissue

The heart is an example of what type of tissue?

Muscle Tissue

Which tissue lines the digestive tract?

Epithelial Tissue

Bone is an example of what type of tissue?

Connective Tissue

What tissue connects bone to bone?

Ligaments

What is a stem cell?

A cell that is capable of dividing in to many different types of tissue cells

What are two sources of stem cells in humans?

Bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood from newborns

What type of muscle contracts involuntarily?

Smooth muscle

How do the diaphragm muscles control breathing?

The diaphragm contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation

What are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveoli

How are veins and arteries defined?

Veins carry blood to the heart, and arteries carry blood away from the heart

Do arteries always carry oxygenated blood?

No

(for example the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs)

Describe two functions of the circulatory system

To transport metabolic waste products away from the cells and to transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

(Also acts to carry components of immune system)

What component of blood occupies the most volume?

Plasma

Where is bile produced?

In the liver

Plants respire through the stoma through what process?

Diffusion

What are the byproducts of cellular respiration in plants?

Carbon dioxide and water

What molecule does a plant use to store its energy?

Sugar (Glucose)

Chemistry: Chemical Reactions & Naming

Click for Essential Review of Atoms & Elements

COMPOUNDS

Molecular/Covalent and Ionic

Match the properties, which are about covalent and ionic compounds. Solution

Bonded with a transfer of electrons

Bonded with a sharing of electrons

Made of two or more non-metals

Made of a metal + a non-metal

Covalent

Ionic

Ionic = transfer of electrons between metal + a non-metal.

Molecular/covalent = sharing of electrons between two non-metals.

Forming Covalent Compounds

Which of the following elements is most likely to form a covalent, molecular compound? Solution

Oxygen

Sodium

Calcium

Neon

Carbonate

Covalent, molecular compounds form between two non-metals. Sodium and calcium are metals. Carbonate is a charged, polyatomic ion. Neon is a noble gas and doesn't bond. Metals cannot make covalent compounds.

Identifying Covalent Compounds

Which of the following is a covalent compound? Solution Video

KF

MgCl₂

NH₃

Na⁺OH^-

NaNO₃

Covalent is two non-metals...

Binary Compounds

Al₂O₃ is an example of a binary compound. Solution

True

False

A binary compound is made out of only two (different) elements. The subscript does not matter.

Identifying Compound Types: Molecular

Which of the following compounds is considered a molecular compound? Solution

NaCl

NaOH

H₂SO₄

NH₃

HCO₃^-

Molecular compounds consist of covalent bonds in which electrons are shared between 2 or more non-metals. Convalent compounds cannot contain ions (like SO₄^2-, or CO₃^2-).

Ions

Calcium (Ca) would tend to (hint: use the periodic table): Solution Video

Lose 2 electrons

Lose 1 electron

Gain 2 electrons

Gain 1 electron

None of the above

Calcium is in group 2 on the periodic table. Group two elements have two valence electrons that are both lost when these elements form ions--turning into cations.

Ions

Chlorine would react and bond with each of the following except: Solution

Sodium

Barium

Magnesium

Bromine

Aluminum

Chlorine and bromine are halogens, which tend to gain electrons to form negative anions. Ions that form the same charge do not bond. The ions in ionic bonds must be oppositely charged: a cation, then an anion.

Ionic Compounds

Which of the following ions would fit into this space indicated by 'Z' below? Solution Video MgZ₂

Na²⁺

Li⁺

Ca²⁺

O^2-

Br^-

Magnesium is a metal, and will always form a cation (positively charged ion). This must react with an anion (negatively charged cation) in the right ratio.

Magnesium is a positive two charge, Mg²⁺ and the total negative charges must be the same amount, and opposite charge: -2... Since there must be two of these negative ions, it will be two -1 charges...

Chemical Formulas

Complete the following table on paper, with the correct chemical formula for each compound. Solution

Hint Clear Info

Ag⁺ Cu²⁺ Fe³⁺ Ti⁴⁺

Cl^-

O^2-

PO₄^3- ( ) ( )

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Balance the charges using the criss-cross method. Look up the charges for the polyatomic ions. Remember to reduce the subscripts by the greatest common factor (if any).

Ag⁺ Cu²⁺ Fe³⁺ Ti⁴⁺

Cl^- AgCl CuCl₂ FeCl₃ TiCl₄

O^2- Ag₂O CuO Fe₂O₃ TiO₂

PO₄^3- Ag₃PO₄ Cu₃(PO₄)₂ FePO₄ Ti₃(PO₄)₄

Use the criss-cross method to balance the charges with subscripts on the ions. Subscripts with a common factor reduce. For example... Cu₂O₂ --> CuO Or... Ti₂O₄ --> TiO₂

Naming

When to Use All the Different Naming Systems

Compounds use different naming systems and it is important to know when to use each one.

Explain when the stock naming system is used, and how to use it. [3] Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Look at the flow chart, given above

The STOCK system is used for multivalent (more than one possible charge like Cu¹⁺/Cu²⁺, or Au¹⁺/Au³⁺) metals in ionic compounds (ionic is a metal + a nonmetal). The second word does not use roman numerals, only the first word does. (Sometimes, rarely, the classical system is used instead of stock IUPAC naming)

(Side-note: the diatomic gases HOFBrINCl do not use any naming system, just name the element)

Explain when the prefix naming system is used, and how to use it. [3] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Look at the flow chart, given above

The PREFIX system is used for covalent compounds (covalent is two non-metals), not ionic compounds. A prefix is only used on the first word if 2 or more, and a prefix is always used on the last word. The second word ends with -ide. (Note that mono is only used in the second part of the name, never in the first part. CO₂ is not monocarbon dioxide...)

Explain when the general naming system is used, and how to use it. [3] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Look at the flow chart, given above

The GENERAL system is used if the ionic compound is not multivalent. Just name the first word like it appears on the periodic table and the second word ends with -ide (for example: Na₂0 is sodium oxide).

Naming Molecular/Covalent

Prefix Naming

Order the prefixes, with lowest at the top, by dragging them around. Solution

deca

tri

penta

di

hepta

octa

tetra

hexa

nona

mono

You need to know this list for naming all the covalent compounds, coming up next...
1) mono
2) di
3) tri
4) tetra
5) penta
6) hexa
7) hepta
8) octa
9) nona
10) deca

Naming Covalent Molecules

Name the molecule. (Hint: use the prefix naming system) Solution H₂O

dihydrogen monoxide

dihydrogen oxide

hydrogen oxide

hydrogen(II) oxide

The prefix naming system is used in covalent compounds (between two non-metals). The prefix comes from the subscript number indicating number of each atom in the molecule. _ + _ Tee first word uses a prefix if 2+ atoms...
The second word uses a prefix if 1+ atoms (always)...

Practice Naming Compounds: Molecular/Covalent

Name the following compounds, using the prefix system.

CO Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

carbon monoxide

(not monocarbon monoxide - because mono never goes on the 1^st word.)

NO Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

nitrogen monoxide

(Remember to only use mono on the second word, never the first).

N₂O Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

dinitrogen monoxide

(drop the 'o' on the mono suffix)

B₂H₆ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

diboron hexahydride

(Still add the suffix -ide to the end of hydrogen = hydride)

CH₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

carbon tetrahydride

PCl₅ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

phosphorus pentachloride

CO₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

carbon dioxide

N₂F₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

dinitrogen tetrafluoride

P₂O₅ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Determine the number of each element, and don't forget to add the suffix.

diphosphorus pentoxide

(drop the 'a' on the penta suffix)

Practice Writing Formulas: Molecular/Covalent

Write the chemical formula for the following compounds.

Dihydrogen monosulfide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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The prefix in-front of each element indicates the amount.

H₂S

Nitrogen trihydride Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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The prefix in-front of each element indicates the amount.

NH₃

Diphosphorus trisulfide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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The prefix in-front of each element indicates the amount.

P₂S₃

Silicon tetrachloride Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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The prefix in-front of each element indicates the amount.

SiCl₄

Nitrogen triiodide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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The prefix in-front of each element indicates the amount.

NI₃

Dinitrogen trioxide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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The prefix in-front of each element indicates the amount.

N₂O₃

Sulfur trioxide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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The prefix in-front of each element indicates the amount.

SO₃

Trioxygen Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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The prefix in-front of each element indicates the amount.

O₃

(common name: ozone)

Correcting Common Mistakes

Find what's wrong with the following names or formulas, and correct them.

Mononitrogen monoxide Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Where should prefixes be used?

Covalent compounds using the prefix naming system never have mono in the first name.
The correct name for NO: nitrogen monoxide (This is like carbon monoxide, which you may know is CO).

Dihydrogen sulfide Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Where should prefixes be used?

The last name always has a prefix, even if it's just one.
The correct name for H₂S: dihydrogen monosulfide

C₁F₄ Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

What subscripts should not be used?

Don't write subscripts of 1.
The correct formula is just: CF₄

Naming Ionic

Practice Naming Compounds: Ionic

Name the following ionic compounds. Remember that ionic compounds consist of a metal plus a non-metal.

MgO Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Mg²⁺O^2-

Magnesium is not multivalent, so no roman numerals are required. Don't use prefix naming with ionic compounds (metal plus non-metal). magnesium oxide

AlCl₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Al³⁺Cl^1-

Aluminum is not multivalent, so no roman numerals are required. aluminum chloride

InF₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

indium fluoride

Na₂O Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

sodium oxide

CaSe Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

calcium selenide

BaI₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

barium iodide

ScF₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

scandium fluoride

ZrBr₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

zirconium bromide

Practice Writing Formulas: IONIC

Write the chemical formula for the following compounds.

Sodium sulfide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges

C.C. Credit: CC BY-SA 3.0, W. Oelen, 2005

Na₂S

Calcium sulfide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges

Using criss-cross with the ions... Ca²⁺ S^2-

The 2s cancel, so there's one of each...

CaS

Silver fluoride Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges

Using criss-cross with the ions... Ag¹⁺ F^1-

AgF

Zinc bromide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges

Using criss-cross with the ions... Zn²⁺ Br^1-

ZnBr₂

Gallium oxide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges

Ga₂O₃

Lithium iodide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges

LiI

Germanium oxide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges

GeO₂

Zirconium nitride Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges. Use the most common ion charge.

Zr⁴⁺ + N^3-...
Zr₃N₄

Aluminum chloride Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Start with the charges on the ions, and then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges. Use the most common ion charge.

AlCl₃

Correcting Common Mistakes

Find what's wrong with the following names or formulas and correct them.

disodium monoxide Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Ionic compounds don't use the prefix naming system. The correct name would be: sodium oxide

The roman numeral in, copper(II) sulfate/sulphate, indicates that there are two atoms of copper per molecule. Solution

True

False

The roman numeral indicates the charge (or oxidation number) of the multivalent cation.

scandium(III) phosphide Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Don't use the stock roman numeral numbering system for monovalent elements - elements that only have one valence or possible charge. Scandium can only ever have a 3³⁺ charge and is implied in its name.

Correct name: scandium phosphide

Naming Polyatomics

Polyatomic Ions, Quantitative Intro

How many atoms of Oxygen are in 2 molecules of aluminum nitrate? Solution Al(NO₃)₃

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

atoms

Hint Unavailable

The subscript, 3 multiplies to the 3 oxygens so 1 molecule of aluminum nitrate has 9 oxygens.
2 molecules of aluminum nitrate have 18 oxygens.

Polyatomic Anions

The oxides of chlorine and bromine form four different polyatomic anions with different numbers of oxygen atoms, x. Rank the naming system in the order of decreasing number of oxygens from top to bottom. Solution ClO_x^- BrO_x^-

_____-ite

per-_-ate

hypo-_-ite

_____-ate

In terms of the number of oxygens:
"Per-" is highest
"Hypo-" is lowest
"-ate" is higher
"-ite" is lower

ClO₄^– perchlorate

ClO₃^– chlorate

ClO₂^– chlorite

ClO^– hypochlorite

BrO₄^– perbromate

BrO₃^– bromate

BrO₂^– bromite

BrO^– hypobromite

Which of the following polyatomic anions is sulfate/sulphate? Solution

HS^-

SO₃^2-

SO₂^1-

S^2-

SO₄^2-

SO₃

SO₃^1-

SO₂

SO₄

SO₄^-

An anion has a negative charge

Sulphate/Sulfate is SO₄^2-
(Sulphite/Sulfite is SO₃^2-)

The suffix (ending) with '-ate' has more oxygens because it ate more...

Making Ionic Compounds from Ions using the Criss-Cross Method (Including Polyatomic)

Compose the following ions into their salt/ionic compound by balancing the charges, and then name the compound. Put the formula of the compound in the box provided below, using proper capitalization and subscripts. [2]

Ca²⁺, PO₄^3- Solution Video

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

NH₄⁺, CO₃^2- Solution

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Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Practice Naming Compounds: POLYATOMICS

Name the following compounds containing polyatomic ions.

Ca(NO₃)₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

calcium nitrate

(Note it's not calcium dinitrate because we don't use the prefix naming system on polyatomic ions).

Al₂(SO₃)₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

aluminum sulfite

(Don't use prefix naming system: aluminum trisulfite)

(NH₄)SO₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

ammonium sulfate

This is an ionic compound with polyatomic ions.

AgCN Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

silver cyanide

Zn(CH₃COO)₂, a.k.a. Zn(C₂H₃O₂)₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

zinc acetate

Al(HCO₃)₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

aluminum bicarbonate

Be₃(PO₃)₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

beryllium phosphite

Zn(ClO₂) Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

zinc chlorite

Mg(OH)₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

magnesium hydroxide

KMnO₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

potassium permanganate

Practice Writing Formulas: POLYATOMICS

Write the chemical formula for the following compounds with polyatomic ions.

Sodium bicarbonate Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Na⁺ + HCO₃^-

NaHCO₃

Magnesium perchlorate Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

Mg²⁺ + ClO₄^-

Mg(ClO₄)₂

Diammonium sulfide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

Diammonium is two (di) ammonium ions.

NH₄⁺ + S^2-

(NH₄)₂S

Tin(II) sulfite Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

Sn²⁺ + SO₃^2-

SnSO₃

Strontium cyanide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

Sr(CN)₂

Silver phosphite Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

Ag₃PO₃

Potassium hydroxide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

KOH

Aluminum acetate (C₂H₃O₂) Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Al(C₂H₃O₂)₃

Correcting Common Mistakes

Find what's wrong with the following names or formulas and correct them.

nitrogen-tetrahydride bromide Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Don't try to name polyatomic ions as molecular/covalent compounds. Use the name of the polyatomic ion. NH₄Br is just ammonium bromide.

Sulfite: SO₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

This may be a bit tricky because SO₃ is not polyatomic when it's by itself. You can tell because it is not bound to a metal cation in-front, like __SO₃.

SO₃ is a covalent compound by itself - so you name it with the prefix system.
= sulfur trioxide

Sodium Sulfur Oxide: Na₂SO₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Na₂SO₃ is an ionic compound with a monovalent metal (and a polyatomic anion), so it is named using the general naming system.
= sodium sulfite.

Naming Multivalent

Naming Molecules: Ionic → Multivalent

Name the molecule using the stock naming system: Ni₂O₃ Solution Video

Dinickel Trioxygen

Dinickel Trioxide

Nickel Trioxide

Nickel(II) Trioxide

Nickel(III) Oxide

Multivalent metals (metals that could have different charges like Ni²⁺ or Ni³⁺) need to have the charge represented by roman numerals without a space between the cation and roman numeral.

The oxygen anion oxygen begins with a prefix representing the number of atoms, and it ends with the suffix -ide indicating that it is an ion.

Stock: Nickel(III) Oxide

(Classical system: Nicklic Oxide)

Practice Naming Compounds: Multivalent

Name the following compounds using the stock system.

CuS Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Cu²⁺S^2-

Copper is multivalent (Cu¹⁺, Cu²⁺) so roman numerals are required.

copper(II) sulfide

CuCl₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

copper(II) chloride

FeI₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Iron is multivalent (Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺) so use the stock naming system:

iron(III) iodide

SnH₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Sn⁴⁺ + H^-1

tin(IV) hydride

CoPO₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Co³⁺ + PO₄^3-

cobalt(III) phosphate

AuP Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Au³⁺ + P_3-

gold(III) phosphide

TiS₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Ti⁴⁺ + S^2-

titanium(IV) sulfide

Hg₂O Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Hg^1- + O^2-

mercury(I) oxide

Practice Writing Formulas: MULTIVALENT

Write the chemical formula for the following compounds with multivalent ions.

mercury(II) fluoride Solution

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HgF₂

copper(I) oxide Solution

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Hint Unavailable

Using criss-cross with the ions... Cu¹⁺ O^2-

Cu₂O

copper(I) sulfide Solution

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Hint Unavailable

Using criss-cross with the ions... Cu¹⁺ S^2-

Cu₂S

manganese(II) nitride Solution

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Mn²⁺ + N^3-

Mn₃N₂

platinum(II) oxide Solution

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Hint Unavailable

Pt²⁺ + O^2-

PtO

nickel(III) oxide Solution

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Ni³⁺ + O^2-

Ni₂O₃

lead(IV) chloride Solution

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Hint Unavailable

Pb⁴⁺ + Cl^-

PbCl₄

antimony(V) phosphide Solution

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Hint Unavailable

Sb⁵⁺ + P^3-

Sb₃P₅

chromium(VI) oxide Solution

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Hint Unavailable

Cr⁶⁺ + O^2-

Cr₂O₆

= CrO₃

Correcting Common Mistakes

Find what's wrong with the following names or formulas and correct them.

iron(III) triiodide Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

The stock naming system is used without using prefixes. The correct name: iron(III) iodide We know there must be 3 Iodide atoms for each Fe³⁺ because the charge on each iodide is only I^1-.

Sn₂O₂ Solution

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Hint Unavailable

Sn²⁺ + O^2-

Using the criss-cross method, the subscripts will reduce to the lowest form:

= SnO

Naming Multivalent and Polyatomic

Practice Naming Compounds: Multivalent & Polyatomic

Name the following compounds using the systematic stock naming system.

Cu²⁺, SO₄^2- Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

CuSO₄

copper(II) sulphate, [aka copper(II) sulfate]

HgHCO₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Hg⁺¹ + HCO₃^-

mercury(I) bicarbonate

Fe₃(PO₃)₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Fe²⁺ + PO₃^3-

iron(II) phosphite

Sn(CH₃COO)₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Sn⁴⁺ + CH₃COO^1-

tin(IV) acetate

Au₂SO₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Au⁺¹ + SO₄^2-

gold(I) sulphate, [aka gold(I) sulfate]

Co(ClO₂)₃ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Co³⁺ + ClO₂^-

cobalt(III) chlorite

Pd(MnO₄)₄ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Pd⁴⁺ + MnO₄^-1

palladium(IV) permanganate

Mn(NO₃)₂ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Mn²⁺ + NO₃^-1

manganese(II) nitrate

Practice Writing Formulas: Multivalent & Polyatomic

Write the chemical formula for the following compounds.

tin(II) bicarbonate Solution

SnCO₃^-

Sn(CO₃^-)₂

Sn₂CO₃^2-

SnCO₃^2-

Sn(HCO₃^-)

Sn(HCO₃^-)₂

Tin (Sn) has a 2+ charge, bicarbonate (HCO₃) has a 1- charge.

Use the criss-cross method to determine the subscripts on each ion.
Sn²⁺(HCO₃^1-)
= Sn₁(HCO₃^-)₂
= Sn(HCO₃^-)₂

platinum(IV) nitrite Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Balance the charges of the ions. Look up the polyatomic ions. Multivalent ions show their charge in parentheses.

Pt⁴⁺ + NO₂^-1

Pt(NO₂)₄

iron(III) cyanide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Balance the charges of the ions. Look up the polyatomic ions. Multivalent ions show their charge in parentheses.

Fe³⁺ + CN^-

Fe(CN)₃

gold(I) acetate (C₂H₃O₂^-) Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Balance the charges of the ions. Look up the polyatomic ions. Multivalent ions show their charge in parentheses.

Au⁺¹ + C₂H₃O₂^- or CH₃COO^-

AuC₂H₃O₂

tungsten(V) hydroxide Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Balance the charges of the ions. Look up the polyatomic ions. Multivalent ions show their charge in parentheses.

W⁵⁺ + OH^-

W(OH)₅

vanadium(IV) bicarbonate Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Balance the charges of the ions. Look up the polyatomic ions. Multivalent ions show their charge in parentheses.

V⁴⁺ + HCO₃^-1

V(HCO₃)₄

manganese(VI) carbonate Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Balance the charges of the ions. Look up the polyatomic ions. Multivalent ions show their charge in parentheses. Make sure to reduce the subscripts by the greatest common factor.

Mn⁶⁺ + CO₃^2-

Mn₂(CO₃)₆

Mn(CO₃)₃

(After criss-cross, reduce fully from 2:6 to 1:3)

tin(IV) phosphate Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Balance the charges of the ions. Look up the polyatomic ions. Multivalent ions show their charge in parentheses.

Sn⁴⁺ + PO₃^3-

Sn₃(PO₄)₄

Correcting Common Mistakes

Find what's wrong with the following names or formulas and correct them.

SnNO₃ [with tin(IV)] Solution

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Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

Tin Sn⁴⁺, & nitrate, NO₃^-1...

Makes Sn(NO₃)₄

Sodium(II) bromide Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Sodium is not multivalent so it does not use the stock roman numeral naming system. It can only be Na⁺¹.

The name is just sodium bromide.

EQUATIONS & REACTIONS

Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance the following equations. Balance the metal, or carbon, or first non-metal first. Then balance the hydrogens (if any). Last, balance the diatomic molecule like O₂.

N₂ + O₂ $\longleftrightarrow$ N₂O₅ Solution

Hint Clear Info

N₂ + O₂ $\longleftrightarrow$ N₂O₅

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Generally: balance metals first (if any), balance polyatomic ions as whole units, and balance diatomic molecules last.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ $\longleftrightarrow$ CO₂ + H₂O Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ $\longleftrightarrow$ CO₂ + H₂O

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Generally: balance metals first (if any), balance polyatomic ions as whole units, and balance diatomic molecules last.

C₆H₁₄ + O₂ $\longrightarrow$ CO₂ + H₂O Solution

Hint Clear Info

C₆H₁₄ + O₂ $\longrightarrow$ CO₂ + H₂O

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Generally: balance metals first (if any), balance polyatomic ions as whole units, and balance diatomic molecules last.

Al(OH)₃ + H₂CO₃ $\longleftrightarrow$ Al₂(CO₃)₃ + H₂O Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

Al(OH)₃ + H₂CO₃ $\longleftrightarrow$ Al₂(CO₃)₃ + H₂O

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Generally: balance metals first (if any), balance polyatomic ions as whole units, and balance diatomic molecules last.

Writing Word Equations for Simple Chemical Reactions

The word equation for the following reaction shown below is: hydrogen + oxygen ↔ water. Solution $2H_2 + O_2 \longleftrightarrow 2H_2O$

True

False

Know the formulas of the basic compounds, hydrogen, oxygen, and water. It is common and not considered incorrect, for the word equation to include 'water' instead of 'dihydrogen monoxide'.

Writing Chemical Reactions from Word Equations

Write the chemical reaction for the following pseudo-word equations. Make sure to balance the equation and include the physical states.

The reaction of solid copper(II) oxide with hydrogen gas to form solid copper metal and water. Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

CuO_(s) + H_{2 (g)} $\longrightarrow$ Cu_(s) + H₂O_(l)

The incomplete combustion of butane (C₄H₁₀) gas to form carbon monoxide gas and water vapor. Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

2C₄H_{10 (g)} + 9O_{2 (g)} $\longrightarrow$ 8CO_(g) + 10H₂O_(g)

The reaction of aqueous ammonia with aqueous hydrochloric acid to form aqueous ammonium chloride. Solution

Hint Clear Info

+

→

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

NH_{3 (l)} + HCl_(aq) $\longrightarrow$ NH₄Cl_(aq)

Solid potassium metal reacts vigorously with liquid water to form hydrogen gas and aqueous lithium hydroxide. Solution

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

2Li_(s) + 2H₂O_(l) $\longrightarrow$ 2LiOH_(aq) + H_{2 (g)}

When heated, solid calcium carbonate decomposes into solid calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas. Solution

Hint Clear Info

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

CaCO_{3 (s)} $\longrightarrow$ CaO_(s) + CO_{2 (g)}

Highly exothermic reaction between solid aluminum and iron(III) oxide forms solid iron and aluminum oxide. Solution

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

2Al_(s) + Fe₂O₃_(s) $\longrightarrow$ 2Fe_(s) + Al₂O_{3 (s)}

Chemical and Physical Changes

Explain why dissolving sodium chloride into water is a chemical change, while dissolving glucose (sugar) into water is a physical change. [4] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Think about the types of intramolecular bonds and how this is related to dissolving. Think about the definition of a chemical change, versus the definition of a physical change.

Sodium chloride NaCl_(s) is a salt, and the ionic bonds between the 'Na' cation and 'Cl' anion are broken apart when they dissociate in the solution. Chemical changes change the bonding of the molecules, while physical changes do not change the bonding. $NaCl_{(s)} \longleftrightarrow Na^{+}_{(aq)} + Cl^{-}_{(aq)}$ See the difference between the two reaction equations... Only one breaks apart.

The sugar molecule C₆H₁₂O_{6 (s)} has covalent bonds so does not break apart when it is dissolved (solvated) into water. Physical changes only change the phase state of a compound without rearranging/changing any bonding, e.g. just solid to aqueous, or gas to a liquid. $C_6H_{12}O_{6 (s)} \longleftrightarrow C_6H_{12}O_{6 (aq)}$

Chemical and Physical Changes

Which two of the following causes a chemical change when dissolved in water? Solution

Sodium

Oxygen

HCl

Sugar

NaCl

Chemical changes are a change in the chemical bonding in a substance.

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they separate into their aqueous (aq) ions (positive cation, and negative anion) and this is considered a chemical change.

Evidence of Chemical Reaction Occurrence

A student is mixing some chemicals in a safe, controlled laboratory. Two liquids are mixed without heating or cooling. Which of the following is not evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred or is occurring? Solution

Bubbles are coming out when liquids are mixed

The colour of the chemical changes

A sound is heard

A solid substance forms at the bottom of the container

A substance evaporates leaving behind a molecular, covalent substance

Evaporation is a physical phase change from a liquid to a gas, therefore it is not a chemical reaction...

Other evidence a chemical reaction has occurred: change in temperature, production of light, or even odor...

[If the substance evaporated, and left behind an ionic compound, then this would be a chemical change when the dissolved ions reform an ionic bond.]

Density and Mass of Matter

Heating 1.0L of liquid water in a closed container will make it lighter when it converts to a gas. Solution

True

False

While heating the water may change the phase from liquid to a solid, in a closed container the amount of matter is constant so there will be a constant mass.

Increasing the kinetic molecular energy of the water atoms will not decrease their mass.

The Law of Conservation of Mass

For the following reaction with 100.0 g of H_2(g), approximately how much of the product will form if the reaction is performed in a closed environment? Solution Video $H_{2(g)} \xrightarrow{heat} 2H_{(g)}$

0 ±1 g

50 ±1g

75 ±1g

100 ±1g

200 ±1g

Total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products. Mass is 100% conserved in an isolated (insulated and closed) system, and in a closed system the mass is conserved by close to 100%.

The Law of Conservation of Mass

The law of conservation of mass states that for any closed system (to transfers of matter and energy) the mass of the system is conserved.

Given the oxidation reaction of copper (II) below, if the sample increased in mass by over 150% during the course of the reaction, explain the cause of this change in mass. [1] Solution $Cu{(s)} + O_{2(g)} \xrightarrow{ \ \Delta \ } 2CuO_{(s)}$

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Think about what goes into a reaction, and where the mass might come from.

The increase in mass is due to the oxygen gas from the air, bonding to the copper.
For example with an initial amount 10.0g of solid copper, the final mass of CuO would be 25.04 g !

10.0g of Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) reacts in the following reaction in a container with no lid. If 5.3g of products are leftover, what explains the mass going from 10.0g to 5.3g? Solution Video $2H_2O_{2(aq)} \xrightarrow{MnO_2} 2H_2O_{(l)} + O_{2(g)}$

Some of the mass was cancelled out when the reaction happened

Water weighs less than hydrogen peroxide

One of the products escaped during the reaction

Oxygen has no mass

The products are less dense

10.0g of reactant is still forming 10.0g of product, it's just that some of the product is a gas that doesn't get included when the products are weighed on the scale in the lab.

Simple Solubility Guidelines

In water, an ionic compound containing sodium (Na⁺) and carbonate (CO₃^2-) will be Solution

Soluble, (aq)

Insoluble, (s)

Gas, (g)

Liquid, (l)

None of the above

The 7 Chemical Reactions

Which of the following is not one of the seven general types of chemical reactions? Solution

Decomposition

Corrosion

Combustion

Single Displacement

Vaporization

Synthesis

Neutralization

Double Displacement

There are 7 general types of chemical reactions. Most people are only responsible for the first 4 or 5 main reaction types in this list.

Synthesis: A + B --> AB

Decomposition: AB --> A + B

Single Displacement: A + BC --> B + AC

Double Displacement: AB + CD --> AD + CB

Combustion: carbon compound + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water

Neutralization (acid, base reactions)

Corrosion (like, rusting)

A chemical reaction occurs when bonds are broken or new bonds are formed.

Vaporization is not a chemical reaction because the atom or molecule does not change bonding in any way if it's just a phase change.

Match the reaction types with the examples. Solution

Synthesis

Decomposition

Single Displacement

Double Displacement

2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂

Ca + 2NaBr → 2Na + CaBr₂

Na₂CO₃ + CuSO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + CuCO₃

N₂ + 2O₂ → 2NO₂

Match with the general equations for each...

Synthesis: A + B --> AB

Decomposition: AB --> A + B

Single Displacement: A + BC --> B + AC

Double Displacement: AB + CD --> AD + CB

Synthesis Reactions I

Complete the synthesis reactions, then balance. (Practice naming the products in your own notes).

$A + B → AB$

H₂ + O₂ $\longrightarrow$ ______________ Solution

Hint Clear Info

H₂ + O₂ $\longrightarrow$

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

2H₂ + O₂ $\longrightarrow$ 2H₂O

Ca + O₂ $\longrightarrow$ ______________ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Ca + O₂ $\longrightarrow$

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

2Ca + O₂ $\longrightarrow$ 2CaO

N₂ + H₂ $\longrightarrow$ ______________ Solution

Hint Clear Info

N₂ + H₂ $\longrightarrow$

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

N₂ + 3H₂ $\longrightarrow$ 2NH₃

Synthesis Reactions II

Complete the synthesis reactions, then balance and name the products. A metal or metallic oxide will react with oxygen or carbon dioxide to form an ionic compound. A non-metallic oxide will react with water to form its resulting acid.

Fe + O₂ $\longrightarrow$ ______________ Solution

Hint Clear Info

Fe + O₂ $\longrightarrow$

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

A metal or metallic oxide will react with oxygen or carbon dioxide to form an ionic compound.

N₂O₅ + H₂O $\longrightarrow$ ______________ Solution

Hint Clear Info

N₂O₅ + H₂O $\longrightarrow$

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

A non-metallic oxide will react with water to form its resulting acid.

P₂O₅ + H₂O $\longrightarrow$ ______________ Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

P₂O₅ + H₂O $\longrightarrow$

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

A non-metallic oxide will react with water to form its resulting acid.

Simple Chemical Reactions

Scientists don't know how to effectively turn carbon dioxide into solid, elemental carbon plus oxygen yet, but if they did what would the most abundant other product be? Solution Video $CO_2 \ \xrightarrow{} C_{(s)} \ + \ ?$

O

2O

O₂

2O₂

(3/2)O₃

Oxygen forms a diatomic gas, O₂. This is a decomposition reaction.

Predicting Chemical Reactions

Which of the following reactions is a single displacement reaction? Solution

A + B → AB

A + BC → B + AC

AB → A + B

AB + CD → AD + CB

C_xH_y + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Generally, the first atom in the ionic compound (B) gets replaced by the lone atom (A)... A + BC → B + AC

Single Displacement Reactions: A + BC → B + AC

Complete the following single displacement reactions.

Metal Replaces other Metal, in Metal + Ionic Compound: Solution Video Al_(s) + Cu(NO₃)_2(aq) $\longrightarrow$ gas + salt

Hint Clear Info

+

( )

→
+

( )

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

Metal Replaces Hydrogen, in Metal + Acid: Solution Mg_(s) + HCl_(aq) $\longrightarrow$ gas + salt

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

Halogens Replace Halogens: Solution F_2(g) + NaCl_(aq) $\longrightarrow$ gas + salt

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

Double Displacement Reactions: AB + CD → AD + CB

What's wrong with the double displacement reaction below? Correct the mistake. Solution AB + CD → AD + BC

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

The cation (C) should go first, and the anion (B) should go last in the product as: CB

Corrected: AB + CD → AD + CB

Double Displacement Reactions: AB + CD → AD + CB

The reaction between sodium carbonate and copper (II) sulfate/sulphate proceeds as follows. Determine the identity of compound 'Z' below. Solution $Na_2CO_3 + CuSO_4 \xrightarrow{} Z + CuCO_3$

Na_(s)

SO_4(aq)

NaSO_4(aq)

Na₂SO_4(aq)

None of the above

This is a double displacement reaction, where the metals exchange positions... $Na_2CO_3 + CuSO_4 \xrightarrow{} Na_2SO_4 + CuCO_3$

Double Displacement Reactions: AB + CD → AD + CB

Complete the following double displacement reaction.

Metals Replace Metals

AgNO_3(aq) + KI_(aq) $\longrightarrow$ aqueous compound + solid compound Solution

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

NaClO_{3 (aq)} + MgF_(aq) $\longrightarrow$ ______________ Solution

Hint Clear Info

+

→
+

( )

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Write the compounds first, then balance. Make sure to include physical states: (s), (l), (g), (aq).

2NaClO_3(aq) + MgF_2(aq) $\longrightarrow$ 2NaF_(aq) + Mg(ClO₃)_2(aq)

Acids and Bases

Acidity and alkalinity depends on the concentration of hydronium and hydroxide ions relative to one another in the same solution. A solution is considered basic under which condition? Solution

[H₃O⁺] = [OH^-]

[H₃O⁺] > [OH^-]

[H₃O⁺] < [OH^-]

[H₃O⁺] > H₂O

[OH^-] < H₂O

The solution is basic (alkaline) when the concentration of hydroxide ions, [OH^-] is greater than the proton or hydronium ions. This is because in the same container with the same volume, the total number of moles of the alkaline hydroxide makes the solution alkaline overall.

Acid Base Neutralization

Hydrochloric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide base in the following reaction. What are the products of this reaction? Solution $HCl_{(aq)} + NaOH_{(aq)} \longleftrightarrow \ ?$

H₂ + NaOCl

Na + Cl + H₂O

Na + Cl₂ + H₂O

NaCl + H₂ + O₂

NaCl + H₂O

Acid + Base ↔ Salt + Water... $HCl_{(aq)} + NaOH_{(aq)} \longleftrightarrow \ NaCl + H_2O$

Characteristics of Acids and Bases

Litmus is a water-soluble dye extracted from several different species of lichen plants, such as Roccella tinctoria or Dendrographa leucophoea. An unknown solution of clear liquid is tested to see if it is acidic or alkaline/basic by dipping red and blue litmus paper in. The red litmus paper does not change colour, however the blue litmus paper changes to a pinkish-red colour. Which of the following characteristics would this solution have? Solution

Feels slippery

Tastes sour

Caustic to living tissues

Brittle

pH greater than 7

Acids: sour, corrosive to metals, turns blue litmus red.

Bases: bitter, feel slippery, caustic to living tissues, turns red litmus blue.

The pH Scale

Order the following chemicals from low to high pH (from top to bottom). Solution

Stomach acid (HCl)

Household bleach

Baking soda

Distilled Water

Vinegar

Rainwater

Remember that acids have low pH and bases have higher pH...

Stomach acid (HCl), Vinegar, Rainwater, Distilled Water, Baking soda, Household bleach.

Identifying Acids and Bases

Which of the following mixtures would result in a neutralization reaction? Solution

Mixture Compound 1 Compound 2

A HCl HNO₃

B K₂SO₄ H₂O

C OH^- H₂CO₃

D CH₃COO^- NaOH

A

B

C

D

None of the above

An acid + base neutralizes. This would be mixture C.

Acid = H₂CO₃
Base = OH^-

Naming Acids and Bases

What is the chemical formula for the following common compound? Solution Phosphoric acid

KO₂

HP

HPO

HPO₄

H₃PO₄

This is a common, weak acid: H₃PO₄

Common Household Acids and Bases

The following table contains the most common household chemicals that you need to know for school this year. The table has only one error in it, what is the common name of the chemical that has an error in its description. Solution

Common Name Chemical Name Formula Acid or a Base

Vinegar Acetic Acid CH₃COOH Acid

Baking Soda Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO₃ Base

Ammonia Cleaner Ammonia NH₃ Base

Lye Oven Cleaner Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Acid

Bleach Sodium Hypochlorite NaClO Base

Vinegar

Baking Soda

Ammonia Cleaner

Lye Oven Cleaner

Bleach

Lye, NaOH is a Base.

Acid Base Applications

The following substances have been deemed non-toxic by a safety regulator and are approved for consumption. A chemist is trying to decide which to use for manufacturing a brand of pills to relieve inflamed stomach acids, sometimes known as 'heartburn'. Which of the following would be the best choice for this? Solution

Substance pH Range

LMN 4.5 - 4.8

PQR 6.5 - 6.6

FGH 7.2 - 7.8

JKL 8.7 - 9.4

XYZ 10.7 - 11.5

LMN

PQR

FGH

JKL

XYZ

Something that's not too acidic, and not too basic/alkaline. Has to be slightly on the more basic side because stomach fluids are naturally acidic. But not too basic (like 8.7 - 9.4) because this could damage the stomach function. Just basic enough to reduce the concentration of protons by enough. This is in the range 7.2 - 7.8

Flashcards: Chemistry

Alkali earth metals are located in what group?

Group 1

Calcium (Ca) is located in group 2 so it would tend to ________ 2 electrons

Lose

Explain why chlorine and bromine would not react to form a compound

Both of these elements tend to gain electrons and become negatively charged. These similar charges would repel.

What is the Sulfide ion?

S^2-

What is the chemical formula of the carbonate ion?

CO₃^2-

What type of reaction is this?

A + B → AB

Synthesis

What type of reaction is this?

AB → A + B

Decomposition

What type of reaction is this?

A + BC → B + AC

Single displacement

What type of reaction is this?

AB + CD → AD + CB

Double displacement

What type of reaction is this?

H(A) + (B)OH → AB + H₂O

Neutralization

What type of reaction is this?

C_xH_y + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Combustion

What is the chemical formula of the ammonium polyatomic ion?

NH₄⁺

When an ionic compound dissociates by dissolving in water, is this considered a physical or chemical change?

This is a chemical change because the chemical bonding of the molecule is changing.

An analysis of the contents of a solution shows the following:

[H₃O⁺] > [OH^-]

Is this acidic or basic?

Acidic

What are the products of a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base?

A salt and water

What is the common name of this acid?

H₂SO₄

Sulfuric acid

What is the common name of this acid?

HNO₃

Nitric acid

What is the common name of this acid?

H₃PO₄

Phosphoric acid

What is the common name of this acid?

H₂CO₃

Carbonic acid

What is the common name of this acid?

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

Earth & Space Science: Climate Change

Physics: Light and Geometric Optics

Light as Energy

Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet light in the visible spectrum are all forms of energy. Solution

True

False

True. The visible region of electromagnetic radiation is abbreviated as wavelengths: R-O-Y-G-B-I-V

Light Waves

Electromagnetic waves can travel in a vacuum. Solution

True

False

True. This is why light energy can travel through the vacuum of space from our Sun to our Earth.

Electromagnetic Waves

Rank the following wavelengths in order of decreasing energy (top to bottom). Solution

Visible

Ultraviolet

Radio

Gamma

Microwave

Order: Gamma, Ultraviolet, Visible, Microwave, Radio.

This is considered basic, required knowledge for your class this year.

Sources of Light

Of all the things listed below that you can see when light comes from them, which of the following is considered luminous? Solution

A shiny stainless steel pot

A diamond ring

Fire

Glass

Water

Luminous sources produce their own light, like fire. Whereas metal, diamond, glass, and water only reflect light from other sources, rather than producing light.

Types of Light Production

Light that is emitted due to high temperatures is called Solution

Fluorescence

Bioluminescence

Incandescence

Phosphorescence

Chemiluminescence

Incandescence is not the most efficient form of light production. This is due to considerable amounts of heat energy lost...

Types of Light Production

Lightning and neon signs produce light through a process known as __________. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Electric discharge is the production of light when electric current flows through a gas (air, or noble gas) and causes the gas to glow. The natural example of this is lightning. Neon signs and fluorescent lamps use electric discharge - electricity flows through various gases to produce light. Fluorescent lamps require one extra step to make the light visible to us.

Types of Light Production

The generation of light through mechanical means by scratching, crushing, rubbing, or pulling apart is called: Solution

Phosphorescence

Bioluminescence

Fluorescence

Chemiluminescence

Triboluminescence

Triboluminescence is cool. It can be observed when quartz rocks are shaken vigorously in a dark environment.

Types of Light Production

One example of phosphorescence is the light emitted from glow-in-the-dark pigments. Solution

True

False

Phosphorescence pigments (phosphor) absorb light energy (often spectrums we cannot see, e.g. ultraviolet light) and store and release this energy for a certain amount of time.

An other example of phosphorescence is night vision goggles, check it out:

Types of Light Production

Fluorescent lights contain a gas that converts electric current to ultraviolet light by a process known as electric discharge. Explain what happens to this ultraviolet light next, since this is not yet useful as visible light. [3] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Fluorescent light bulbs must be coated in a fluorescent material that converts ultraviolet light to visible light.

Electric current provides the energy that excites electrons in Mercury atoms. When these electrons in the Mercury atoms transition, or change back, light is emitted in the ultraviolet spectrum that we cannot see. This ultraviolet light then excites a fluorescent pigment (phosphor) coating around the bulb, that converts the ultraviolet light to light in the visible spectrum that we can see.

Types of Light Production

Describe the main difference between fluorescence and incandescence. [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Fluorescence uses electric discharge to create ultraviolet light that gets converted to visible light. Incandescence heats up a material that emits visible light.

What is bioluminescence? [1] Solution

The Waitomo Glowworm Caves of New Zealand

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Bioluminescence is light produced from the energy stored in chemical reactions, within living organisms... it is a type of chemiluminescence. This is an efficient energy source as there is a low percentage of energy emitted/wasted as heat.

Some bioluminescent organisms: works, flies, fish, fungi, bacteria...

Light Transmission

Opaque surfaces do not allow any light to pass through them. Translucent surfaces allow some light to pass while blocking some details. Solution

True

False

True...

Which of the following materials is transparent? Solution

Cake

Jello

Ice Cream

Coffee

Pure water

Water is transparent. Transparent things allow light to pass through completely.

The Law of Reflection

State the law(s) of reflection in your own words. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

The angle of incidence (θ_i) of a light ray is equal to the angle of reflection (θ_r). Both angles are measured from the normal, which is a perpendicular line of reference from the surface of the mirror. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.

Plane Mirrors

Images in plane mirrors are real. Solution

True

False

Images in plane mirrors are virtual.

Terminology: LOST or SALT

Different curriculums use different acronyms to describe the characteristics of an image. Define the acronym used by your class below.

The acronym, LOST stands for: Solution

Law Of Surface Tension

Luminosity Order Shape Tendency

Location Orientation Size Type

Lens Object Scale Termination

Describes the characteristics of an image

Location = Relative to center of lens or focus f/f'

Orientation = Upright/Inverted

Size = Magnified/Smaller

Type = Real/Virtual

The acronym, SALT (less common form of LOST) stands for: Solution

Size Attitude Location Type

Surface Amplitude Latitude Theory

Symmetry Aggregate Luminosity Trajectory

Substance Anterior Lens Transform

Describes the characteristics of an image

Size = Magnified/Smaller

Attitude = Upright/Inverted

Location = Relative to center of lens or focus f/f'

Type = Real/Virtual

Converging (Concave) Mirrors

A concave mirror will produce an upright image if the object is: Solution

Beyond the focal point

In front of the focal point

At the focal point

Inverted

Smaller

In front of the focal point

Converging (Concave) Mirrors: Object > C

Determine the SALT/LOST characteristics of the image formed when the object is outside the centre of curvature, C. Solution

Smaller, Inverted, Between C and F, Real

Same Size, Inverted, at C, Real

Larger, Inverted, Outside C, Real

Larger, Upright, Inside F', Virtual

No image

Converging (Concave) Mirrors: Object = C

Determine the characteristics of the image formed when the object is located at the centre of curvature, C. Solution

Smaller, Inverted, Between C and F, Real

Same Size, Inverted, at C, Real

Larger, Inverted, Outside C, Real

Larger, Upright, Inside F', Virtual

No image

Converging (Concave) Mirrors: Object < C

Determine the characteristics of the image formed when the object is located inside the centre of curvature, C. Solution

Smaller, Inverted, Between C and F, Real

Same Size, Inverted, at C, Real

Larger, Inverted, Outside C, Real

Larger, Upright, Inside F', Virtual

No image

Converging (Concave) Mirrors: Object = F

Determine the characteristics of the image formed when the object is located at the focus, F. Solution

Smaller, Inverted, Between C and F, Real

Same Size, Inverted, at C, Real

Larger, Inverted, Outside C, Real

Larger, Upright, Inside F', Virtual

No image

Converging (Concave) Mirrors: Object < F

Determine the characteristics of the image formed when the object is located inside the focus, F. Solution

Smaller, Inverted, Between C and F, Real

Same Size, Inverted, at C, Real

Larger, Inverted, Outside C, Real

Larger, Upright, Behind Mirror, Virtual

No image

Images: Real and Virtual

What is the main difference between a real and virtual image? [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Real images form on the same side of the mirror that the light goes to. Virtual images form on the side of the mirror that the light cannot go to.

Diverging (Convex) Mirrors

A diverging (convex) mirror always produces a smaller, upright, virtual image, behind the mirror. Solution

True

False

Convex mirrors never produce real images.

Diverging (Convex) Mirrors

Determine the characteristics of the image formed. Solution

Smaller, Inverted, Behind the Mirror, Virtual

Smaller, Upright, Behind the Mirror, Real

Smaller, Upright, Behind the Mirror, Virtual

Virtual, Upright, Behind the Mirror, Virtual

No image

Refraction

Explain the cause of refraction. [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Refraction occurs when the transmission of light across a boundary between two media of different densities is accompanied by a change in the speed, and wavelength of the wave.

For example, when the light slows down, the wavelength decreases. This causes the light wave to 'bend' away from the normal, increasing the angle of refraction.

The angle of refraction depends on the initial angle of incidence, and if the angle of incidence is parallel to the normal then the light does not refract.

State the first law of refraction. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane.

State the second law of refraction. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

(Snell's and Descartes' Law)
$n_i \cdot sin\theta_i = n_r \cdot sin\theta_r$

θ_i is the angle of incidence
θ_r is the angle of refraction
n_i is the index of refraction of the incident medium
n_r is the index of refraction of the refractive medium

What is one use/application of refraction? [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

E.G.) Glasses and contact lenses refract the path of light to correct near-sighted or far-sighted vision.

Refraction

Describe an example in which you can see reflection and refraction occur at the same time. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

On a dark night, when you look outside a window and see your own reflection, at the same time refraction is occurring from the light traveling from the bright room to the outside.

Or during the day, seeing your reflection in the water at the same time as seeing anything under the water surface.

(Accept anything else in which reflection and refraction occur at the same time)...

Refraction

As light enters a denser medium, the angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence. Solution

True

False

As light enters a denser medium, the angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence.

Refraction

You see a quarter at the bottom of your swimming pool and decide to get it. Compared to what you see, you should reach: Solution

Closer

Farther

Bigger

Smaller

None of the above

The quarter appears farther (dashed white line) than it actually is.

Refraction

Objects under water always appear closer to the surface than they actually are. Solution

True

False

True. This is due to the angle of refraction of the light traveling from the object underwater to the observer above. While the light observed is the refracted light, the eyes and brain imagine the light in a completely straight path without refraction. So you see the image larger, while the brain thinks it is further. This makes it appear closer or larger.

Rainbow Formation

Explain how a rainbow forms. What type of image is it? [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Light is refracted by liquid water droplets suspended in the air as it first enters the water drop. Sunlight is white light that is actually made up of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet light. Each colour has a slightly different wavelength, so each colour bends or refracts at slightly different angles. The light is partially internally reflected off the inside of the water drop, gets split up into a spectrum, and refracts again as it exits. To see a rainbow, you have to be standing with the sun behind you. Red light is seen at the top from a water drop higher up above, while violet light is seen at the bottom of the rainbow. A rainbow is a virtual image.

Mirages

What causes the water-like shimmer above a road or desert, called a mirage? [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Cold, dense air has a greater index of refraction, n than warmer air. As light travels from cold air to hot air (closer to the ground), the light bends in an arc upwards. The eye interprets the light rays to have been straight, which makes the blue light - that was originally from the sky - look as if it came from the ground. This causes the bluish shimmer of a mirage to appear like water at or below ground level.

Labelling Refraction Diagrams

Which is the location of the angle of refraction? Solution

i

ii

iii

iv

v

The angle of refraction is measured from the normal to the refracted ray, iii.

Speed of Light

The speed of light in a vacuum is Solution

2.0 × 10⁸m/s

6.0 × 10⁶m/s

3.0 × 10⁸m/s

5.0 × 10^-7m/s

1.0 × 10¹⁰m/s

The speed of light in a vacuum is constant everywhere in the universe...3.0 × 10⁸m/s

Index of Refraction Equation

Index of refraction, n is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum, c to the speed of light in a particular medium, v. Solution

True

False

True.
Index of refraction is calculated by dividing the speed of light in a vacuum, c to the speed of light in a particular medium, v. The speed of light is fastest in a vacuum (like space) is constant, always 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s. The speed of light slows down in other mediums like air or water. When you divide the two you get the ratio, n called the index of refraction. n = c / v Maybe you can tell that this ratio will always be greater than 1.0 !

Explain why the index of refraction, n is always greater than one. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Since the speed of light is always faster in a vacuum (c) than in any medium (v), then dividing, $n = \dfrac{c}{v}$ ... will always be greater than one because the numerator will always be greater than the denominator in the equation shown.

Index of Refraction

When the speed of refracted light increases, it bends towards the normal. Solution

True

False

In a faster, less dense medium, when the speed of refracted light increases, it bends away from the normal.

Index of Refraction

Emerald has an index of refraction of 1.6, and if light can travel in a ruby at 1.695 × 10⁸ m/s, in which medium can light travel faster? [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

$\begin{align} n & = \cfrac{c}{v} \\ \\ v & = \cfrac{c}{n} \\ \\ & = \cfrac{3.0 × 10^8}{1.6} \\ \\ & = 1.875 × 10^8 \text{m/s} \\ \\ \end{align}$
Light travels faster in emerald.

Index of Refraction

Which of the following would refract light the most? Solution

Medium Index of Refraction (n)

Air 1.00

Water 1.33

Olive oil 1.48

Glass 1.52

Diamond 2.42

Air

Water

Olive oil

Glass

Diamond

The medium with the highest index of Refraction (n) refracts light the most. This is diamond with a 2.42 index of refraction.

Index of Refraction

The speed of light in an unknown medium is calculated as 2.03 × 10⁸ m/s. Determine the identity of the unknown medium. Solution

Medium Index of Refraction (n)

Air 1.00

Water 1.33

Olive oil 1.48

Glass 1.52

Diamond 2.42

Air

Water

Olive oil

Glass

Diamond

n = c / v
You need to know, and use the speed of light: c = 3.0 × 10⁸m/s.

Total Internal Reflection

Total internal reflection occurs if the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle. Solution

True

False

Total internal reflection occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Also, light must travel from a medium with a higher index of refraction (n) to a medium with a lower index of refraction (n).

Total Internal Reflection

If the critical angle of a certain material is 25˚, which angle of incidence would cause total internal reflection? Solution

1˚

10˚

50˚

91˚

120˚

Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than or equal to the critical angle. θ_i ≥ θ_c Note that a 90˚ angle of incidence would be parallel to the plane of the surface and would neither reflect nor refract.

(It is not possible for the angle of incidence to be greater than 90˚).

Total Internal Reflection

What two conditions are necessary for total internal reflection to occur? [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

1) Light rays must have an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle for a particular medium.

2) light must travel from a slower (denser, higher refractive index, n) medium to a faster (less dense, lower refractive index, n).

For example, this could occur with light travelling from diamond (2.4) to air (1.00) but not from air to diamond.

What is one useful, major technological application of total internal reflection? Explain how this works. [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Fiber optic cables transmit information at the speed of light through fiber optic cables made out of silica glass or plastic which has a low critical angle causing the light rays to reflect inside the cable resulting in total internal reflection. It is important for the core of the cables to have a higher index of refraction than the surrounding material for the light to be totally internally reflected. Fiber optic cables can stretch over longer distances than traditional metal cables, and can also support higher bandwidth usage. Other things that use total internal reflection: binoculars, and periscopes. [Answers may vary]

Critical Angle

Determine the critical angle of light that travels from ice (n = 1.3) to air (n = 1). Solution $\theta _c = sin ^{-1} \left(\dfrac{n_2}{n_1}\right)$

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

degrees

Hint Unavailable

n₁ is the medium that the light originates from, n₂ the other...

Starting index medium, n₁ = 1.3 Second index medium, n₂ = 1.0 $\begin{align} \theta _c & = sin ^{-1} \left(\dfrac{n_2}{n_1}\right) \\ \\ & = sin ^{-1} \left(\dfrac{1}{1.3}\right) \\ \\ & = 50.3˚ \\ \\ \end{align}$

Detail Comparing the Principle Focus (F not F') of a Convex and Concave Lens

The principle focus is the point where light rays converge from a lens. The principle focus on a converging lens is located on the side, and the principle focus on a diverging lens is located on the side. Solution

Real, Real

Real, Virtual

Virtual, Virtual

Virtual, Real

Left, Right

Converging (convex) lenses have the focus on the real side -- the side that the light travels to. Diverging (concave) lenses have the focus on the virtual side -- the side the light does not go to.

Converging (Convex) Lens

Complete the following table (in your own notes) for a converging lens. Solution

CC: Leridant, 2006

Object Location: Object > 2F' Object at 2F' 2F' < Object < F' Object = F' Object < F'

Size:

Attitude (Orientation):

Location:

Type:

Object Location: Object > 2F' Object at 2F' 2F' < Object < F' Object = F' Object < F'

Size: Smaller Same Larger No Image Larger

Attitude (Orientation): Inverted Inverted Inverted No Image Upright

Location: 2F > Object > F Object = 2F Object > 2F No Image Image > F'

Type: Real Real Real No Image Virtual

As the object distance increases from a converging lens... Solution

The image gets larger and image distance increases from the lens

The image gets smaller and image distance increases from the lens

The image gets larger and image distance decreases from the lens

The image gets smaller and image distance decreases from the lens

None of the above

As the object is moved further away from the converging lens, the image formed gets smaller and the image becomes closer to the lens. (If the object is infinitely far from the lens, then the image is infinitely small. There is only no image formed when the object is at the focus, F'.)

For a converging lens, an image never forms when the object is located at F'. Solution

True

False

The parallel ray and the center ray will refract in the lens to produce parallel rays, which will never converge, thus no image will ever form.

When is the only time a converging lens will produce an upright, virtual image. Solution

Object > 2F'

Object at 2F'

2F' < Object < F'

Object = F'

Object < F'

When the object is located < F' (between the focus and the lens)

Converging (Convex) Lens

For a converging lens...

Determine the 4 SALT characteristics when an object distance is less than the focal (F') distance. Solution
The image is: magnified, upright, >F', and virtual.

CC: Durova, 2009

An object located at the focus, 'f' will... Solution

Not form an image

Form a virtual image

Form a real image

Not magnify the image, it stays the same size

The parallel (p) and center (c) rays will refract through the lens and never converge, and therefore an image is never formed.

Diverging (Concave) Lens

Complete the following table for a diverging lens Solution

CC: Leridant, Kjetil R., 2006-2007

Object Location: Object > 2F Object at 2F 2F < Object < F Object < F

Size:

Attitude (Orientation):

Location:

Type:

Object Location: Object > 2F Object at 2F 2F < Object < F Object < F

Size: Smaller Smaller Smaller Smaller

Attitude (Orientation): Upright Upright Upright Upright

Location: Image < F' Image < F' Image < F' Image < F'

Type: Virtual Virtual Virtual Virtual

The image formed by a diverging (concave) lens is always upright, virtual, and smaller than the object!

A concave lens will always produce a smaller image. Solution

True

False

The size of the image is always smaller.

A diverging lens always produces an inverted image. Solution

True

False

The attitude (orientation) of the image is always upright.

Converging and Diverging Lens Images

Real images are always inverted. Virtual images are always upright. Solution

True

False

True. Real images are always inverted. Virtual images are always upright.

Diverging (Concave) Lens

A diverging lens never produces a real or inverted image. Solution

CC: DrBob, 2006

True

False

Diverging, concave lenses always produce virtual images, never real images.

The image is always upright.

The image formed by a diverging (concave) lens is always upright, virtual, and smaller than the object. Solution

True

False

Diverging, concave lenses produce virtual images, never real images.

The parallel ray from the object will appear to refract... Solution

Through the center of the lens

Through the focus on the real side, f

Through the focus on the virtual side, f'

Parallel through the lens out the real side

The parallel ray will refract and diverge on the real side. On the virtual side, the ray will appear to pass through the focus (f').

(Math Review) Order of Operations

Solve for 'd' algebraically. Solution $\dfrac{1}{6} = \dfrac{1}{d} + \dfrac{1}{12}$

d =

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

$\begin{align} \dfrac{1}{6} & = \dfrac{1}{d} + \dfrac{1}{12} \\ \\ \dfrac{1}{6} - \dfrac{1}{12} & = \dfrac{1}{d} \\ \\ \dfrac{2}{12} - \dfrac{1}{12} & = \dfrac{1}{d} \\ \\ \dfrac{1}{12} & = \dfrac{1}{d} \\ \\ (\cancel{12})(d) \dfrac{1}{\cancel{12}} & = (12)(\cancel{d}) \dfrac{1}{\cancel{d}} \\ \\ d & = 12 \\ \\ \end{align}$

The Mirror/Lens Equation

Remember the following rules when using the lens equation.

$\cfrac{1}{f} \ = \ \cfrac{1}{d_o} \ + \ \cfrac{1}{d_i}$

d_o is always positive.
d_i is positive for real images, and negative for virtual images.
f is positive for converging (convex) lenses, and negative for diverging (concave) lenses.

An object is located 20 cm from a converging mirror or lens with a focal length of 10 cm. Determine the type of image formed. Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

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image

Hint Unavailable

+ d_i = real
- d_i = virtual...

f = 10cm, d_o = 20cm.
$\begin{align} \cfrac{1}{f} \ & = \ \cfrac{1}{d_o} \ + \ \cfrac{1}{d_i} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_i} & = \cfrac{1}{f} - \cfrac{1}{d_o} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_i} & = \cfrac{1}{10} - \cfrac{1}{20} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_i} & = \cfrac{2}{20} - \cfrac{1}{20} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_i} & = \cfrac{1}{20} \\ \\ d_i & = 20 \text{cm} \\ \\ \end{align}$ Positive image distance (+20 cm), therefore the image formed is real (as opposed to virtual that would have a negative image distance).

A converging lens forms a virtual image 50 cm from the mirror or lens, which has a focal length of 25 cm. Determine the distance between the object and the optical center. Solution

Hint Clear Info

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cm

Hint Unavailable

d_i is negative for virtual images.
d_i = -50cm, f = 25cm. $\begin{align} \cfrac{1}{f} \ & = \ \cfrac{1}{d_o} \ + \ \cfrac{1}{d_i} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_o} & = \cfrac{1}{f} - \cfrac{1}{d_i} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_o} & = \cfrac{1}{25} - \cfrac{1}{-50} \\ \\ \cfrac{d_o}{1} & = \cfrac{3}{50} \\ \\ d_o & = 16.7 \text{cm} \\ \\ \end{align}$

A diverging mirror or lens has a focal length of 44 cm and forms a virtual image 12 cm from the optical center. Determine the distance between the object and the optical center. Solution

Hint Clear Info

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cm

Hint Unavailable

d_i is negative for virtual images.
f is negative for diverging (concave) lenses.
d_i = -12cm, f = -44cm.
$\begin{align} \cfrac{1}{f} \ & = \ \cfrac{1}{d_o} \ + \ \cfrac{1}{d_i} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_o} & = \cfrac{1}{f} - \cfrac{1}{d_i} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_o} & = \cfrac{1}{-44} - \cfrac{1}{-12} \\ \\ \cfrac{1}{d_o} & = \cfrac{2}{33} \\ \\ \cfrac{d_o}{1} & = \cfrac{33}{2} \\ \\ d_o & = 16.5 \text{cm} \\ \\ \end{align}$

The Magnification Equation for Mirrors or Lenses

Remember the following rules when using the magnification equation.

$\text{M} \ = \ \cfrac{h_i}{h_o} \ = \ -\cfrac{d_i}{d_o}$

h_o and h_i (height) are positive when upright, and negative when inverted.
d_o (distance) is always positive.
d_i (distance) is positive for real images, and negative for virtual images.
M (magnification) is positive for upright images, and negative for inverted images.

A converging mirror or lens produces a real, inverted image 15 cm in height. If the object is 30 cm in height, determine the magnification of the mirror or lens. Solution

M =

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

h_i = -15cm (negative for inverted), h_o = 30cm.
$\begin{align} \text{M} & = \cfrac{h_i}{h_o} \\ \\ \text{M} & = \cfrac{-15}{30} \\ \\ \text{M} & = -\cfrac{1}{2} \\ \\ \text{M} & = -0.5 \\ \\ \end{align}$ The magnification is smaller (0.5), and inverted because it is negative.

A converging mirror or lens produces a virtual, upright image 10 cm from the optical center. If the object is situated 5 cm from the mirror or lens, determine the magnification. Solution

M =

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

d_i = -10cm (negative for virtual image), d_o = 5cm.
$\begin{align} \text{M} & = -\cfrac{d_i}{d_o} \\ \\ \text{M} & = -\cfrac{-10}{5} \\ \\ \text{M} & = +2 \\ \\ \end{align}$

A converging mirror or lens produces a real, inverted image 40 cm from the optical center. If the object is situated 40 cm from the mirror or lens, determine the magnification. Solution

M =

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

d_i = 40cm, d_o = +40cm.
$\begin{align} \text{M} & = -\cfrac{d_i}{d_o} \\ \\ \text{M} & = -\cfrac{40}{40} \\ \\ \text{M} & = -1 \\ \\ \end{align}$

An object is situated 10 cm in-front of a converging mirror or lens, which produces a real, inverted image that is magnified by a factor of -2.5. Determine the distance between the image and the optical center. Solution

d_i =

Hint Clear Info

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cm

Hint Unavailable

M = -2.5 (negative M means inverted), d_o = +10cm.
$\begin{align} \text{M} & = -\cfrac{d_i}{d_o} \\ \\ d_i & = -\text{M} \cdot d_o \\ \\ & = -(-2.5)(10) \\ \\ & = +25 \ \text{cm} \\ \\ \end{align}$ (Since the image distance is positive, the image is real)

A diverging mirror or lens produces a virtual, upright image 12 cm from the optical center. If the object is situated 50 cm from the mirror or lens, determine the magnification of the lens. Solution

M =

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

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Hint Unavailable

d_i = -12cm (negative because image is virtual), d_o = +50cm.
$\begin{align} \text{M} & = -\cfrac{d_i}{d_o} \\ \\ \text{M} & = -\cfrac{-12}{50} \\ \\ & = +0.24 \\ \\ \end{align}$

An inverted object is 10 cm in height with a converging mirror or lens, if the image is magnified by a factor of -1.75, determine the height of the image. Solution

h_i =

Hint Clear Info

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cm

Hint Unavailable

M = -1.75, h_o = -10cm (negative because inverted).
$\begin{align} \text{M} & = \cfrac{h_i}{h_o} \\ \\ h_i & = \text{M} × h_o \\ \\ h_i & = (-1.75) × (-10) \\ \\ & = +17.5 \ \text{cm} \\ \\ \end{align}$

The Magnification Equation

A converging lens has a focal length of 15 cm, and if an object is placed 20 cm from the center, calculate the magnification of the image, and determine the attitude (orientation) of the image. [2] Solution Video

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Use the lens equation to find the image distance. $\begin{align} \frac{1}{f} & = \frac{1}{i} + \frac{1}{o} \\ \\ \frac{1}{i} & = \frac{1}{f} - \frac{1}{o} \\ \\ \frac{1}{i} & = \frac{1}{15} - \frac{1}{20} \\ \\ \frac{1}{i} & = \frac{1}{1} - \frac{1}{60} \\ \\ i & = 60\ cm \\ \\ \end{align}$ Use the magnification equation $\begin{align} M & = -\frac{i}{o} \\ \\ & = -\frac{60}{20} \\ \\ & = -3 \\ \\ \end{align}$ The image is inverted (because negative M), and larger (because absolute value |M| is greater than 1).

Lens Technology

Fill in the blanks for the size of the image produced by a magnifying glass, and the type of image formed by a microscope. Solution

Device Lenses Used Size Attitude Location (Image) Type

Magnifying Glass Converging _ Upright Between Lens and F' Virtual

Camera Converging Smaller Inverted Between F and 2F Real

Microscope 2 Converging Larger Inverted Final image located >>> F' _

Telescope 2 Converging Larger Inverted Final image >>> F' Virtual

Same, Real

Same, Virtual

Smaller, Virtual

Larger, Virtual

Larger, Real

It should make sense that a magnifying glass produces a larger, magnified image. The devices that magnify images produce virtual images. (Note that there are different lens setups depending on the camera, microscope, or telescope. For instance, the ancient Galilean telescope used one converging and one diverging lens. Many current lenses are achromatic -- you will learn more about this later.)

(A microscope and telescope will produce an image much farther than the virtual focal, f' distance, with respect to the final eyepiece lens)

A magnifying glass will always produce a larger, upright, virtual image. (Determine which diagram is used in a magnifying glass setup.) Solution

True

False

A magnifying glass only works with the setup on the bottom, where the object is located between the lens and the (virtual, f') focal point. (The magnifying glass won't work properly if the object distance is greater than or equal to the focal distance.)

In simple light microscopes and astronomical telescopes, the objective lens produces an inverted, real image. The eyepiece lens produces an upright, virtual image. Solution

True

False

True.

Chromatic Aberration

Chromatic aberration can be seen when a lens fails to converge the different colors of light at the same point.

What causes chromatic aberration? Solution

The reflection of light

Lenses that are misaligned

Too many lenses

The refraction of light

When the different wavelengths of light refract at different angles and focus at different distances, fringes of light (mainly red, 650nm and blue, 450nm) are seen at the edges of images.

CC: Stan Zurek, 2006

What is chromatic aberration and what is used to correct it? [2] Solution

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Hint Unavailable

Chromatic aberration is the refraction of different wavelengths of light (red, green, blue) at different angles:

CC: Bob Mellish, 2006
Chromatic aberration is corrected with an achromatic doublet. The first lens is called the crown lens (convex), and the second is called the flint (concave). The flint is used to bring the red and blue wavelengths into focus (achromatic). Bringing into focus means causing the rays to convert at the same point.

CC: Bob Mellish, 2006

Lens Technology

What type of lenses do you think are used in binoculars? [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Achromatic doublet lenses (which are based on converging lenses):

CC: Antilived, 2006

What type of device does this lens diagram depict? [1] Solution

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Hint Unavailable

This is a Galilean telescope.

The eyepiece is a diverging concave lens, and the objective is a converging convex lens.

(You can see the image formed, B is: magnified, upright, virtual.

What type of device does this lens diagram depict? [1] Solution

CC: Egmason, 2011

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

This is a compound optical (light) microscope.

The eyepiece (not shown here), objective, and condenser lenses are all converging, convex lenses.

How it works... The objective lens magnifies the image first. Then the eyepiece lens takes this image and magnifies it much more into a much larger, second image. This final image is many times larger than the original object and is a virtual image.

Astronomical telescopes and light microscopes both use 2 converging lenses. Solution

True

False

True. They both use one objective lens and one eyepiece lens - both are converging lenses. In both cases the eyepiece does most of the magnification, and both final images in the eyepieces are inverted and virtual (the first image in the objective is inverted and real).

One of the main differences is the astronomical telescope will have a much greater object distance.

The Eye

Label the missing names. Solution

I = Cilia,    II = Fovea,    III = Capillaries

I = Ligament,    II = Sclera,    III = Choroid

I = Tendon,    II = Cornea,    III = Sclera

I = Iris,    II = Retina,    III = Optic Nerve

I = Hyaloid,    II = Optic Nerve,    III = Capillaries

On what part of the eye is the image formed (where light is detected)? Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

The image is formed on the retina, located at the back of the eyeball.

What part of the eye regulates the light input? Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

The iris.

What type of lens is in the eye? [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

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Hint Unavailable

Converging, convex lens.

The Eye

The image produced by the eye is smaller, upright, and real Solution

True

False

The image produced by the eye is smaller, inverted, and real

Problems With Focusing (Accommodation)

When the eye produces an image in-front of the retina, this is called Solution

Far-sighted

Presbyopia

Hyperopia

Myopia

None of the above

Myopia, or Nearsightness

A shortsighted/nearsighted (myopic) person can see Solution

Objects up close only

Objects far away only

Objects that are neither close nor far away

Objects up close and far away

None of the above

Shortsighted/nearsighted (myopic) people can only see objects clearly that are close to the lens because the light rays are not parallel but are more divergent and will converge further back on the retina when the object is closer. The image must converge precisely on the retina to be seen clearly.

CC, A. Baris Toprak MD, 2007

Presbyopia and Hyperopia are both forms of nearsightedness Solution

True

False

Presbyopia and Hyperopia are both forms of Far-Sightedness. (Presbyopia is caused by a lack of elasticity of the eye due to old age.)

CC, A. Baris Toprak MD, 2007

Problems With Focusing (Accommodation)

Determine the types of lenses used to correct Hyperopia and Myopia Solution

Common Name Lens Used for Correction

Hyperopia: Farsighted ___I

Myopia: Nearsighted _II______

I = Converging,    II = Diverging

I = Concave,    II = Convex

I = Converging,    II = Converging

I = Convex,    II = Converging

I = Diverging,    II = Convex

Common Name Lens Used for Correction

Hyperopia: Farsighted Converging (Convex)

Myopia: Nearsighted Diverging (Concave)

Hyperopia:

CC, A. Baris Toprak MD, 2007
Myopia:

CC, A. Baris Toprak MD, 2007

Flashcards: Physics

What is the visible spectrum?

The region of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected with the human eye.

(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet)

What is an electromagnetic wave?

Light

What is incandescence?

Light that is emitted due to high temperatures

What is a common example of electric discharge?

Lightning, or neon signs

What is electric discharge?

Electric discharge, which is the production of light when electric current flows through a gas (air, or noble gas) and causes the gas to glow.

What is triboluminescence?

The generation of light through mechanical means by scratching, crushing, rubbing, or pulling apart

What is phosphorescence?

Phosphorescence is the light emitted from glow-in-the-dark pigments, which is a way of storing energy as potential energy of electrons and then slowly emitting this light energy over time.

What is fluorescence?

Fluorescent lights contain a gas that converts electric current to ultraviolet light by a process known as electric discharge. Then the special fluorescent coating on the bulb converts this ultraviolet light to visible light.

Describe the main difference between fluorescence and incandesence

Fluorescence uses electric discharge to create ultraviolet light that gets converted to visible light. Incandescence heats up a material that emits visible light.

What is an opaque surface?

Opaque surfaces do not allow any light to pass through them

What is a translucent surface?

Translucent surfaces allow some light to pass while blocking some details

What is a transparent surface?

Transparent surfaces allow most light to pass with visual clarity

State the law of reflection

The angle of incidence (θ_i) of a light ray is equal to the angle of reflection (θ_r).

What is the difference between a real and virtual image?

A real image is formed on the side that light can physically go, while a virtual image is formed on the side where light cannot go

What does the acronym SALT stand for?

Size, Attitude, Location, Type

Does a diverging (convex) mirror always produces a virtual image?

Yes

If an image is located behind a mirror, what type of image is it?

Virtual

A virtual image has a ________ image distance

Negative

What type of image is formed when an object is placed inside the focal distance of a concave (converging) mirror.

Virtual, upright

What type of image is formed when an object is placed beyond the focal distance of a concave (converging) mirror.

Real, inverted

What is the difference in focal length of a concave (converging) mirror versus a convex (diverging) mirror

A concave (converging) mirror uses a positive focal length while a convex (diverging) mirror uses a negative focal length

What two processes occur in a raindrop that causes rainbows to form?

Refraction and total internal reflection

What is index of refraction (n)?

Index of refraction (n) is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c) to the speed of light in a particular medium (v).

When does total internal reflection occur?

Total internal reflection occurs for light starting inside a medium if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Also, light must travel from a medium with a higher index of refraction (n) to a medium with a lower index of refraction (n)

What is a principle focus?

The principle focus is the point where light rays converge from a lens

What is the magnification of an image that is a greater distance than the object distance?

Larger

Can a concave (diverging) lens produce a real image?

What is the difference in focal length in converging (convex) lenses versus diverging (concave) lenses

Focal length (f) is positive for converging (convex) images, and negative for diverging (concave) images.

What is the difference in the height of an image (h_i) and object (h_o)?

h_o and h_i are positive for upright, and negative for inverted.

Can the object distance (d_o) ever be negative?

No, d_o is always positive

How is focal length (f) related to radius of curvature (r)?

Radius = 2(focal length)

State the first law of refraction

The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane

State the second law of refraction (Snell's law)

$n_i \cdot sin\theta_i = n_r \cdot sin\theta_r$

What happens to the speed of light as it crosses a boundary into a less dense medium

The light travels faster in a less dense medium

What happens to the angle of refraction of light as it crosses a boundary into a less dense medium

The light bends away from the normal

What is this value?

3.0 × 10⁸ m/s

The speed of light in a vacuum (c)

Scientific Investigation and Exploration

The Relationship Between Scientific Ideas, Hypothesis, and Data

Which of the following would be an effective way to help show the occurrence of global warming? Solution

Measure the outside air temperature in the summer and winter.

Graph and average of the daily temperature data around the world for the past 100 years.

Observe the presence of icebergs in the ocean.

Measure levels of current greenhouse gases.

A good study will use the data over many years like the graph of average of the daily temperature data around the world for the past 100 years. This is a visual representation of the numeric data collected over as long a time span as possible for reliable data collection. The more data the better. Also a combination of many of the other data collections would be useful.

Formulating a Hypothesis Vs. Facts and Issues

Which of the following would be a hypothesis for the issue regarding: the use of solar and wind energy, instead of burning fossil fuels (oil, gas, etc.)? Solution

Solar panels can only be used during the daytime. Where would the energy come from to power the things we need at night?

The average wind turbine costs approximately $3.5 million to build and install (in 2012 dollars).

Many things require fossil fuels and it would be very difficult to convert the systems that we already have to make them run on alternative energy because it would be costly and difficult to organize.

People prefer to use energy from wind and solar, rather than fossil fuels, and this will make it easy to switch.

A hypothesis is a proposition or explanation made without knowing the truth of it yet. This is posed as a statement (rather than as a question) and forms the basis for the research or questions that will be the scientific investigation to follow.

Selecting Appropriate Equipment and Materials for Scientific Inquires

A student wishes to measure the effects of acid rain on their local pond near a field. What item would be most necessary to include in this student's toolkit in the field? Solution

A graduated cylinder beaker

A magnifying glass

pH paper

A thermometer

The student must first check if the pond is acidic or not. This is done with pH paper.

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)

Which of the following is WHMIS not used for? Solution

Phone book for companies

Toxicological information

First aid treatments

Proper handling and protective equipment procedures

WHMIS is used for all of the above

The WHMIS book contains information on:

Product information, including manufacturer and contact information

Hazards, toxicology, and safety data

Physical properties

Etc...

Appropriate Handling and Disposal Techniques

At the end of a classroom experiment in which several different chemicals were combined into a cool bubbly-foamy reaction, there are some extra chemicals left over. What should be done with these extra leftover chemicals? Solution

Pour each one back into the correct container or the locker.

Make sure the sink is clear and pour them down the sink drain making sure not to splash.

Put them in the garbage.

None of the above.

As a general guideline,

Don't put unused chemicals back into their original container. (Unless specifically instructed to do so by your teacher.)

Don't pour chemicals down the sink drain. (Unless specifically instructed to do so by your teacher.)

Don't put chemicals in the garbage. (Unless specifically instructed to do so by your teacher.)

Safety Equipment

Which of the following pieces of safety equipment is not considered actually necessary? Solution

Goggles

Gloves

Lab coat and protective shoes

All of the above are necessary

Be careful! Always wear all your safety stuff in the chemistry lab! Gloves, Goggles, Protective clothing and shoes are the main protective methods in a lab. Sometimes even more protection is used depending on the experiment.

Gathering Data in a Lab

A student wants to compare how higher temperature allows more salt to dissolve in water. To record and organize the temperature and amount of salt properly, the student should Solution

Creative Commons Credit: Michel32nl, nl.wikipedia, 2004

Make sure to be neat and use a mechanical pencil and draw lines with a ruler.

Do the entire procedure at least three times and record data separately for each.

Use graph paper and not the other kinds of paper that are used in other subjects.

Make sure to use a calculator when writing down the numbers.

It is important to record more than one data point for each test, then these can be averaged to reduce error.

Controlling Variables

A controlled experiment changes two or more variables at a time to determine a change in a dependent variable. Solution

True

False

A controlled experiment only changes one independent variable at a time, and measures the change or effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent and Independent Variables

A dependent variable is one which Solution

Is changed during an experiment in order to measure the effect it has on another variable.

Is kept constant during an experiment in order to make sure any outcomes in an experiment are from other specific, known, and intended changes.

Changes due to the change in another variable.

Might be changed if the circumstances are right.

A dependent variable changes due to the change in another variable, which is known as the independent variable. For example time is the independent variable and concentration of a chemical is the dependent variable. On an x-y graph, the 'y' values is dependent on the 'x' value.

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Which of the following is not a quantitative observation? Solution

Time it takes to melt an ice cube.

Colour the water turns after a colourful substance changes.

A measure of how wide a colony of bacteria has grown in an incubator.

The average height of the students in class 9A compared to 9B and 9C.

Qualitative Observations

Qualitative observations are based on descriptions from sensory information like: sight, smell, texture, colour, values like good or bad, etc.

Quantitative Observations

Quantitative observations are based on numerical data that can be measured like: length, weight, volume, time, area, speed, temperature, number, etc...

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Size is a qualitative measurement and not a quantitative measurement. Solution

True

False

Size (small, medium, large) is an observation so it is a qualitative measurement. While mass (g, kg) or volume (mL, L, cm³) are quantitative values because they are measured.

Possible Sources of Bias

Which of the following scenarios could be biased? (More than one answer: check all that apply) Solution

An environmental report published by an oil company.

A study comparing the health benefits of coffee versus tea, paid for by The United Coffee Union

A salesman of The Fetching Car Company talking about the benefits of the cars they sell.

None of the above

Prejudice is present in three of the above answers.

Identifying Sources of Error/Uncertainty

Three students are measuring the speed of the fastest person in their school, Fastie McSpeedy. Each of the three students is given a stopwatch. They each record the time when McSpeedy crosses the finish line. The recordings are 14.50s, 14.97s, and 12.33s. What could be an explanation for the third student measuring a slower time? Solution

The surface of the running track.

Their own reaction time or their stopwatch.

The runner.

The lighting conditions during the run.

There are many possibilities for error in measurements. This is why it is important to take many repeated measurements and to average them together to reduce error.

Appropriate Units of Measurement (S.I. Units)

What is the most appropriate scientific unit of measurement for the mass of a turkey? Solution

Pounds

Ounces

Grams

Grains

The most accepted unit in science is generally based on the metric system. Kilograms are SI units, so grams is the closest and most appropriate.

	Ag⁺	Cu²⁺	Fe³⁺	Ti⁴⁺
Cl^-
O^2-
PO₄^3-		( )		( )

	Space	Atmosphere	Water	Ground
Energy Transfer(s):	I	II	III	IV

Object Location:	Object > 2F'	Object at 2F'	2F' < Object < F'	Object = F'	Object < F'
Size:
Attitude (Orientation):
Location:
Type:

Object Location:	Object > 2F	Object at 2F	2F < Object < F	Object < F
Size:
Attitude (Orientation):
Location:
Type:

	Common Name	Lens Used for Correction
Hyperopia:	Farsighted	_______I________
Myopia:	Nearsighted	_______II________

ClO₄^–	perchlorate
ClO₃^–	chlorate
ClO₂^–	chlorite
ClO^–	hypochlorite

BrO₄^–	perbromate
BrO₃^–	bromate
BrO₂^–	bromite
BrO^–	hypobromite

Mixture	Compound 1	Compound 2
A	HCl	HNO₃
B	K₂SO₄	H₂O
C	OH^-	H₂CO₃
D	CH₃COO^-	NaOH

Common Name	Chemical Name	Formula	Acid or a Base
Vinegar	Acetic Acid	CH₃COOH	Acid
Baking Soda	Sodium Bicarbonate	NaHCO₃	Base
Ammonia Cleaner	Ammonia	NH₃	Base
Lye Oven Cleaner	Sodium Hydroxide	NaOH	Acid
Bleach	Sodium Hypochlorite	NaClO	Base

Substance	pH Range
LMN	4.5 - 4.8
PQR	6.5 - 6.6
FGH	7.2 - 7.8
JKL	8.7 - 9.4
XYZ	10.7 - 11.5

Medium	Index of Refraction (n)
Air	1.00
Water	1.33
Olive oil	1.48
Glass	1.52
Diamond	2.42

Device	Lenses Used	Size	Attitude	Location (Image)	Type
Magnifying Glass	Converging	_________	Upright	Between Lens and F'	Virtual
Camera	Converging	Smaller	Inverted	Between F and 2F	Real
Microscope	2 Converging	Larger	Inverted	Final image located >>> F'	_________
Telescope	2 Converging	Larger	Inverted	Final image >>> F'	Virtual

FAVORITES

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CLASS OPTIONS

GRADE

10

Science

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems

Cells

Definition of Life, Cell Theory

Cell Definitions

An organism can be made of only one cell. Solution True False E.g.) Amoeba or Paramecium.

All living organisms are made of Solution Organs Tissues Organ systems Cells None of the above All living organisms are made of cells. Single-celled organisms do not contain organ systems, organs, or tissues.

Cells and Differences

The main difference below, between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is, Solution Eukaryotes are single-celled organisms Prokaryotes are plant cells All eukaryotes contain a protective cell wall There is no nucleus in prokaryotes The rate of cell division Eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not.

The main difference between plant and animal cells is the presence of a Solution Nuclear membrane Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Cell wall Endoplasmic reticulum The main difference between plant and animal cells is the presence of a cell wall. Also animal cells don't have chloroplasts.

Explain two organelle differences you would observe comparing onion and skin cells under a microscope. Solution Only onion cells would have cell wall, and chloroplast...

Cell Functions

In which organelle does the following reaction take place? Solution glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy Chloroplast Chlorophyll Nucleus Vacuole Mitochondria This manufacture of energy from sugar occurs in the mitochondria. The powerhouse of cells.

Cell Division

The phase of the cell cycle in which genetic material is copied is Solution Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase: DNA is copied and the cell grows to prepare for cellular division.

Cell Division

The phase of the cell cycle in which chromosomes are first visible under microscope is Solution Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase: the chromosomes condense into visible forms under a microscope.

The final stage of cell division is called telophase Solution True False The final phase is cytokinesis, which the cell is split into two daughter cells.

The longest cellular phase is interphase. Solution True False (Technically this is not the longest phase of mitosis because interphase is not considered a part of mitosis-PMAT).

Cell Division

Cell Division

Cell Division: Cancer

Cancer cells that grow in a confined region and do not spread, are called Solution Metastatic Benign Malignant Carcinogenic Mutagenic Benign.

Cancer is defined when cells grow too large. Solution True False Cancer is when cells grow uncontrollably, at an increased rate of cell division. (Growing too large is a result/indication)

Cell Division: Cancer

Cell Systems

Organization of Cell Systems

Rank the following levels of organization in organisms from the smallest level to the highest (from top to bottom). Solution Organ Cell Organism Organ System Tissue Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

Tissue Definition

Tissues

Which type of tissue is described as long, thin cells that conduct electrical impulses? Solution Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Nerve Tissue Vascular Tissue Nerve Tissue.

Tissues

The heart is an example of what type of tissue? Solution Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Nerve Tissue Vascular Tissue Muscle Tissue

Which tissue lines the digestive tract? Solution Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Nerve Tissue Vascular Tissue Epithelial Tissue

Bone is an example of what type of tissue? Solution Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Nerve Tissue Vascular Tissue Connective Tissue

Tissues

Fill in the blanks: ___________ connect muscle to bone, and ___________ connect bone to bone. Solution Muscle, Tissue Tendons, Ligaments Ligaments, Tendons Muscle, Ligaments Tendons, Tissue Tendons connect muscle to bone, and ligaments connect bone to bone.

Cell Outcomes

Stem Cells

State two sources of stem cells in animals. [2] Solution Hint Clear Info Incorrect Attempts: CHECK Hint Unavailable Bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood from newborns. (Answers may vary...)

The Musculoskeletal System

Smooth muscle tissue contracts voluntarily Solution True False Smooth muscle tissue contracts involuntarily

The Respiratory System

During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage contracts Solution True False True. (Animals have to respire actively with the diaphragm, whereas plants don't have to do anything, they passively respire through the stoma by the concentration gradient of gases).

Gas exchange between blood and the air occurs in the capillary sacs, across a cell wall by a process called diffusion. Solution True False alveoli

The Circulatory System

The smallest blood vessels are called Solution Arteries Veins Venules Arterioles Capillaries Capillaries

The function of the circulatory system is to Solution Transport metabolic waste products away from the cells Transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body Exchange gases between the blood and the air I only II only I and II only II and III only I, II, and III All of the above

The Circulatory System: Blood Components

Red blood cells and platelets do not have a nucleus. Solution True False True, red blood cells and platelets do not have a nucleus. (White blood cells do have a nucleus).

The Circulatory System

The heart is made entirely of three different types of tissues. Solution True False Muscle, nerve, and connective tissue.

The Circulatory System

The Circulatory System

Deoxygenated blood coming from the body enters what part of the heart first? Solution Creative Commons: Rogeriopfm, 2009 Right ventricle Left ventricle Right atrium Left atrium Aorta The right atrium (on the right side of the heart) receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava.

The Circulatory System

The Digestive System: Components

Which of the following is not part of the digestive system? Solution Small intestine Esophagus Stomach Mouth Trachea Trachea is part of the respiratory system.

The liver and gall bladder are both accessory organs of the digestive system. Solution True False The accessory organs of the digestive system includes the: liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

The Digestive System: Functions

Water and nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the stomach. Solution True False While some absorption occurs in all different areas, water absorption occurs mainly in the large intestine. Nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine.

Bile is produced in the Solution Stomach Small intestine Liver Pancreas Gallbladder Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

The Nervous System

The brain is part of the peripheral nervous system Solution True False The brain is part of the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is the nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

The Nervous System

The smallest divisible cell component of the nervous system is the neuron. Solution True False The dendrites, nucleus, cell body, myelin, and axon come together to make up the neuron cell.

Cell Systems

The system that provides structural support for the body is the Solution Musculoskeletal system Digestive system Circulatory system Urinary system Nervous system Musculoskeletal system.

The nephron is part of which system? Solution Musculoskeletal system Digestive system Circulatory system Urinary system Reproductive system Urinary system.

Cell Systems

Plant Systems

Plant Systems: Photosynthesis

What molecule is missing from the equation below? Solution Energy + \ \ ? \ \ + Water \ \xrightarrow{chlorophyll} \ Oxygen + Glucose Hint Clear Info Incorrect Attempts: CHECK Hint Unavailable Carbon dioxide, CO2. (This is the carbon source for the glucose that is made in photosynthesis.)

Plant Systems: Carbon

An organism can be made of only one cell. Solution

True

False

E.g.) Amoeba or Paramecium.

All living organisms are made of Solution

Organs

Tissues

Organ systems

Cells

None of the above

All living organisms are made of cells. Single-celled organisms do not contain organ systems, organs, or tissues.

The main difference below, between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is, Solution

Eukaryotes are single-celled organisms

Prokaryotes are plant cells

All eukaryotes contain a protective cell wall

There is no nucleus in prokaryotes

The rate of cell division

Eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not.

The main difference between plant and animal cells is the presence of a Solution

Nuclear membrane

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Cell wall

Endoplasmic reticulum

The main difference between plant and animal cells is the presence of a cell wall. Also animal cells don't have chloroplasts.

Explain two organelle differences you would observe comparing onion and skin cells under a microscope. Solution
Only onion cells would have cell wall, and chloroplast...

In which organelle does the following reaction take place? Solution glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Chloroplast

Chlorophyll

Nucleus

Vacuole

Mitochondria

This manufacture of energy from sugar occurs in the mitochondria. The powerhouse of cells.

The phase of the cell cycle in which genetic material is copied is Solution

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Interphase: DNA is copied and the cell grows to prepare for cellular division.

The phase of the cell cycle in which chromosomes are first visible under microscope is Solution

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Prophase: the chromosomes condense into visible forms under a microscope.

The final stage of cell division is called telophase Solution

True

False

The final phase is cytokinesis, which the cell is split into two daughter cells.

The longest cellular phase is interphase. Solution

True

False

(Technically this is not the longest phase of mitosis because interphase is not considered a part of mitosis-PMAT).

Cancer cells that grow in a confined region and do not spread, are called Solution

Metastatic

Benign

Malignant

Carcinogenic

Mutagenic

Benign.

Cancer is defined when cells grow too large. Solution

True

False

Cancer is when cells grow uncontrollably, at an increased rate of cell division. (Growing too large is a result/indication)

Rank the following levels of organization in organisms from the smallest level to the highest (from top to bottom). Solution

Organ

Cell

Organism

Organ System

Tissue

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

Which type of tissue is described as long, thin cells that conduct electrical impulses? Solution

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Nerve Tissue.

The heart is an example of what type of tissue? Solution

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Which tissue lines the digestive tract? Solution

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Bone is an example of what type of tissue? Solution

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Connective Tissue

Fill in the blanks: _ connect muscle to bone, and _ connect bone to bone. Solution

Muscle, Tissue

Tendons, Ligaments

Ligaments, Tendons

Muscle, Ligaments

Tendons, Tissue

Tendons connect muscle to bone, and ligaments connect bone to bone.

State two sources of stem cells in animals. [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood from newborns.
(Answers may vary...)

Smooth muscle tissue contracts voluntarily Solution

True

False

Smooth muscle tissue contracts involuntarily

During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage contracts Solution

True

False

True. (Animals have to respire actively with the diaphragm, whereas plants don't have to do anything, they passively respire through the stoma by the concentration gradient of gases).

Gas exchange between blood and the air occurs in the capillary sacs, across a cell wall by a process called diffusion. Solution

True

False

alveoli

The smallest blood vessels are called Solution

Arteries

Veins

Venules

Arterioles

Capillaries

Capillaries

The function of the circulatory system is to Solution

Transport metabolic waste products away from the cells

Transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

Exchange gases between the blood and the air

I only

II only

I and II only

II and III only

I, II, and III

All of the above

Red blood cells and platelets do not have a nucleus. Solution

True

False

True, red blood cells and platelets do not have a nucleus. (White blood cells do have a nucleus).

The heart is made entirely of three different types of tissues. Solution

True

False

Muscle, nerve, and connective tissue.

Deoxygenated blood coming from the body enters what part of the heart first? Solution

Creative Commons: Rogeriopfm, 2009

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Left atrium

Aorta

The right atrium (on the right side of the heart) receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava.

Which of the following is not part of the digestive system? Solution

Small intestine

Esophagus

Stomach

Mouth

Trachea

Trachea is part of the respiratory system.

The liver and gall bladder are both accessory organs of the digestive system. Solution

True

False

The accessory organs of the digestive system includes the: liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

Water and nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the stomach. Solution

True

False

While some absorption occurs in all different areas, water absorption occurs mainly in the large intestine. Nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine.

Bile is produced in the Solution

Stomach

Small intestine

Liver

Pancreas

Gallbladder

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

The brain is part of the peripheral nervous system Solution

True

False

The brain is part of the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is the nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

The smallest divisible cell component of the nervous system is the neuron. Solution

True

False

The dendrites, nucleus, cell body, myelin, and axon come together to make up the neuron cell.

The system that provides structural support for the body is the Solution

Musculoskeletal system

Digestive system

Circulatory system

Urinary system

Nervous system

Musculoskeletal system.

The nephron is part of which system? Solution

Musculoskeletal system

Digestive system

Circulatory system

Urinary system

Reproductive system

Urinary system.

What molecule is missing from the equation below? Solution $Energy + \ \ ? \ \ + Water \ \xrightarrow{chlorophyll} \ Oxygen + Glucose$

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Carbon dioxide, CO₂.

(This is the carbon source for the glucose that is made in photosynthesis.)

The process in which plants convert light energy into chemical energy is called Solution

Sequestration

Deposition

Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cellular Grouping

Photosynthesis. (The light energy is transformed into, chemical energy stored as glucose)

What molecule does a plant use to store its energy? Solution

Sugar (Glucose)

Chloroplast

ATP (Phosphate)

Oxygen

CO₂

Plants photosynthesize energy from the Sun into sugar (glucose), which is stored in the plant cells for later energy use through cellular respiration.

The sugar produced by any plant is mainly stored in its root system. Solution

True

False

Only some plants mainly store the sugar in the roots. It depends on the plant. Some plants store most of the sugar in the fruit, or in the flowers, or even in the stem...

The tissue system in plants responsible for distributing water and minerals throughout the plant is called the Solution

Dermal tissue system

Meristem tissue system

Ground tissue system

Vascular tissue system

Epidermal tissue system

Vascular tissue system consists of xylem and phloem.

Cell division in plant cells occurs in the meristems. Solution

True

False

True. Cell division in plant cells occurs in the meristems.

Xylem tissue is only found in the stem organs of plants. Solution

True

False

The xylem tissue is found in all three plant organs: roots, stems, and leaf. Its purpose is to distribute water and minerals from the roots to all other regions of the plant.

What part of the plant obtains sugars and what tissues transport them throughout the plant? [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Photosynthesis produces glucose in the mesophyll in the leaf, transported down the phloem (not xylem).

Within a plant, the genome is basically the same in every cell type. Solution

True

False

True - the genome is the same. But what causes the differences in cell types in differentiation/specialization is the selective expression of genes. This results in different traits like size, color, etc...

Plant genes are proteins. Solution

True

False

Plant genes are DNA, which encode for proteins. Genes are not proteins themselves. The selective expression creates different sets of proteins in different cell types.