The Cell: Organelles

DNA is mainly stored within the Solution

1. Nucleus
2. Golgi apparatus
3. Ribosome
4. Endoplasmic reticulum

DNA is mainly stored within the nucleus of a cell.

The mitochondria Solution

1. Stores nutrients for later use.
2. Makes proteins for use around the entire cell.
3. Engulfs waste products and breaks them down.
4. Converts food into energy for use around the cell.

The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. It converts food (glucose sugar) into energy for use around the cell.

Most materials are transported around the inside of a cell by Solution

1. Thin fibres made of protein that carry materials between organelles.
2. Bursts of movement between organelles.
3. Specific molecules that have microscopic tails for swimming.
4. Diffusing through the cytoplasm.

Diffusing through the cytoplasm. Diffusion occurs from a high concentration (where the materials are made) to a low concentration (where the materials are needed).

Microscopes

Photographs taken with a microscope are called Solution

1. Photographs
2. Pictographs
3. Instagrams
4. Micrographs

Micrographs. Google 'micrographs' to see some of these microscope photos for yourself...

The Microscope

Who is thought to have invented the first successful light microscope? Solution

1. Louis Pasteur
2. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
3. Ludwig Boltzmann
4. Marie Curie

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) was a Dutch scientist from the Netherlands who invented the first successful light microscope.

Transport

Describe what the term selectively permeable means. Solution

A membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion. Depends on several things, including concentration of the molecules on either side of the membrane. (You usually need to know the primary example: lipid bilayer in the plasma membrane.)

Unicellular Organisms

Which of the following organisms is not unicellular? Solution

1. Phytoplankton
2. E. Coli bacteria
3. Amoeba
4. Dog
5. Paramecium
6. Diatom

Most bacteria are unicellular (single celled) prokaryotes. You should recognize some/most of these as unicellular. You should also know that most animals are multicellular, like a dog for example.

Energy: Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration occurs in Solution

1. Plant cells only
2. Animal cells only
3. Plant and animal cells
4. None of the above

Cellular respiration occurs in plant and animal cells. Both require the energy that is produced from breaking down simple sugars.

Energy: Synthesis and Metabolism

Oxygen and sugar products are turned into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the... Solution

1. Chloroplast
2. Chlorophyll
3. Mitochondria
4. Lysosome

Mitochondria

Human Cells

There are approximately ____________ cells in the human body (not including bacterial cells). Solution

1. 1,000,000 (1 Million)
2. 1,000,000,000 (1 Billion)
3. 1,000,000,000,000 (1 Trillion)
4. 100,000,000,000,000 (100 Trillion)

100,000,000,000,000 (100 Trillion) !

Organ Systems: Tissues in Animals

Which of the following is not part of the 4 main classifications of tissues in the human body? Solution

1. Connective tissue
2. Heart tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Muscle tissue
5. Epithelial tissue

The heart is not considered one of the 4 main classifications of tissues - it is an organ that consists of all the tissue types: muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissue.

Types of Tissues

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? Solution

1. Bone
2. Nerves
3. Fat
4. Cartilage and tendons

Nerves are a type of nervous tissue, and not connective tissue.

Human Organ Systems

Describe the interaction of 3 organ systems in the human body. Make sure your answer explains at least one interaction between each organ system. Solution

[Answers may vary, answers not shown] Choose any three organ systems from:
Skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive, integumatary (skin, hair, nails), excretory, reproductive, lymphatic, and endocrine.

Cancer Cells

Cancer is primarily a result of... Solution

1. The loss of phospholipids in the cell walls
2. Changing of colour of cells in the skin cells
3. Uncontrolled cellular reproduction
4. Delocalization of the cell organelles and disintegration of the nucleus.

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cellular reproduction/division in the cell cycle. The growth and division cannot be regulated...

Forces

Which of the following is a force? Solution

1. Running at a constant speed
2. The effect of gravity on a person's weight
3. Water flowing out of a garden hose
4. A vacuum cleaner's suction

The effect of gravity on a person's weight

Types of Forces

Which of the following statements is false? Solution

1. Forces can act on an object without touching it
2. Forces require the presence of gravity
3. Friction is a type of force
4. Force can be measured

Forces do not require gravity, although gravity is the cause of one force - the force due to gravity. This force is the weight you experience from the pull of the Earth on the matter in your body. But there are many forces that exist in gravity-free environments in space... but we won't get into that here.

Units of Force

The international standard metric unit of force is the Solution

1. N/kg
2. Liter
3. Kilogram
4. Newton

Force has units of Newtons. For example the force due to gravity of some particular person's body is 500 Newtons.

The Acceleration Due to Gravity

The magnitude of gravity is Solution

1. 1.0 N/kg or m/s²
2. 4.9 N/kg or m/s²
3. 9.8 N/kg or m/s²
4. 10.0 N/kg or m/s²

Gravity = 9.8 N/kg = 9.8 m/s²

Mass

Mass is defined as Solution

1. Rock that is formed when hot liquid rock from beneath the Earth’s surface rises, cools, and solidifies.
2. Organic matter, especially plant matter, that can be converted to fuel and used to produce energy.
3. The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams or kilograms.
4. Anything that takes up space and has mass - all substances and materials.

Mass is not defined by how heavy something is because that depends on gravity, which is different on every planet! Instead, mass means how much matter or "stuff" something is made up of -- and of course the identify of the material matters because of density.

Calculating Force

Calculate the force due to gravity (weight) of a mass of 100 kg given the acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/s². Solution

1. 10 N
2. 0.098 N
3. 980 N
4. 1,000 N

Notice how weight is calculated using the mass and something else -- gravity!

Weight = Mass times Gravity
= (100 kg)(9.8 m/s²)
= 980 N

Units of Energy

The units of energy are Newtons. Solution

1. True
2. False

The units of energy are Joules. Newtons are the unit of Force.

Energy

Which of the following is not a form of energy? Solution

1. Kinetic (Mechanical)
2. Magnetic
3. Electrical
4. Gravitational Potential

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, potential energy is the energy of height, and electrical energy is the energy of charges.

Work

Work is loosely defined as: Solution

1. The amount of effort expended in moving an object.
2. The difficulty with which it is to move something.
3. The ability for matter to have caused movement.
4. The process by which people spend their time to earn a living.

Work is the energy it takes to move something by a certain distance.

In which of the following situations is no work done? Solution

1. Lifting a baby up
2. Sliding down a fire pole
3. Pushing against a locked door
4. An airplane landing on the runway
5. None of the above

Work is only done when a distance has been travelled.

The Calculation for Work

You have learned that energy is called work in physics and that work is done when a force is applied over a certain distance.

Work (energy) is calculated by what formula? Solution

1. Work = Force × Distance × Gravity
2. Work = Gravity × Distance
3. Work = Force × Gravity
4. Work = Force × Distance

Work is the energy of a force over a certain distance. In other words work must move -- it must have a distance.

A car is propelled with a 100 N force over a distance of 20 m. Calculate the overall work (energy) applied over this distance. Solution

1. 2 J
2. 20 J
3. 200 J
4. 2000 J

$\begin{align} Work & = Force × Distance \\ \\ & = 100\ N × 20\ m \\ \\ & = 2000\ J \\ \\ \end{align}$

The force required to pull a sled over the snow is 10 N. If 50 J of work (energy) is used to pull the sled, calculate the distance the sled was pulled. Solution

1. 500 m
2. 0.2 m
3. 5.0 m
4. 60 m

$\begin{align} Work & = Force × Distance \\ \\ 50\ J & = 10\ N × Distance \\ \\ Distance & = 5\ m \\ \\ \end{align}$

Correct Units for Distance

The standard metric units for distance in physics are Solution

1. cm
2. mm
3. m
4. km

The meter (m).

Kinetic Vs. Potential Energy

In which of the following situations is there gravitational potential energy? Solution

1. A soccer player running towards a ball on the ground, to kick it
2. An apple growing and hanging on a tree branch
3. A Formula 1 race car skidding during heavy braking
4. The heat stored in an insulated thermos

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored due to height and gravity.

The 3 Functions of Machines

Which of the following is not one of the three functions of machines? Solution

1. Changing the direction
2. Increasing the distance
3. Increasing the force
4. Changing the energy type

Machines do all the things listed except the don't change energy types.

Simple Machines

Which of the following is not a machine? Solution

1. Pulley
2. Wheel
3. Ramp
4. Table
5. Screw
6. Screwdriver
7. Stairs

A machine is "a device that reduces the force required to accomplish work. All machines are based on one or more simple machines [to change the direction or point of application of a force applied]. The simple machines are the lever, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wheel and axle, the wedge, and the screw." - The Ontario Curriculum

All of the above can change the direction or point of application of a force applied, except for something simply sitting on a table.

Calculating Mechanical Advantage

The force due to friction required to stop a dump truck is 10,000 N. The force of the driver to push the brake pedal is 10 N. What is the mechanical advantage of the brake system? Solution

1. 10,010
2. 9,990
3. 1000
4. 100

MA = F_output/F_input $\begin{align} MA & = \dfrac{F_{output}}{F_{input}} \\ \\ & = \dfrac{10,000}{10} \\ \\ & = 1000 \\ \\ \end{align}$

Levers

A lever is a simple machine that rests on a pivot point called a fulcrum. Solution

1. True
2. False

True, levers are considered simple machines because they function to apply mechanical function for a certain task. Levers must use some form of a fulcrum.

Explain the difference between a first and second class lever. [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

A first class lever has the fulcrum between the input and output forces - like a pry bar.

A second class lever has the output force between the fulcrum and the input force - like a wheelbarrow.

The difference is the direction of forces. In a first class lever the input and output forces are in opposite directions, while the second-class lever has input and output forces in the same direction.

(A third class lever has the input force between the fulcrum and the output force - like a hockey stick or rake. It also has forces in the same direction.)

What lever type has the greatest mechanical advantage (is easiest to do). [1] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

A first class lever feels easier to you because it has a high mechanical advantage, putting out a greater force for a minimal input. The order is: First class lever > Second class lever > Third class lever

Ideal Mechanical Advantage of a Lever

A lever with an ideal mechanical advantage of 5.0 and an input lever arm of 1.0 m has an output arm length of Solution

1. 6.0 m
2. 0.2 m
3. 5.0 m
4. 4.0 m

$\begin{align} IMA & = \text{(Length of the input arm)} ÷ \text{(length of the output arm)} \\ \\ 5.0 & = (1.0m) ÷ \text{(length of the output arm)} \\ \\ \text{(length of the output arm)} & = (1.0m) ÷ 5.0 \\ \\ & = 0.2 m \\ \\ \end{align}$

Example of a Mechanism: Bicycle

Define a mechanism and provide an example of one on a bicycle. [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

A mechanism is two or more "simple machines" working together.

Examples on a bicycle: wheel and axle, gears are pulleys, brakes levers are levers, or screws on various components...

The Calculation of Efficiency

Efficiency is calculated by: Solution

1. $\dfrac{\text{Useful Output Work}}{\text{Input Work}}$
2. $\dfrac{\text{Useful Output Work}\ ×\ 100\%}{\text{Input Work}}$
3. $\dfrac{\text{Input Work}\ ×\ 100\%}{\text{Useful Output Work}}$
4. $\text{Useful Output Work} - \text{Input Work}$

Efficiency = $\dfrac{\text{Useful Output Work}\ ×\ 100\%}{\text{Input Work}}$ Input work is the total energy put into the system. Useful output is the energy that is put out of the system that is used.

The Calculation of Efficiency II

It requires 400 J of energy to raise a certain flag 20 m up a flagpole. If the force to pull the rope is 10 N and the mechanical advantage is 1.0, then calculate the efficiency of this system? Solution

1. 5%
2. 10%
3. 40%
4. 50%

W = F × d
= 10N × 20m
= 200J

Efficiency = (Useful output energy) ÷ (Input energy) × 100%
= (200J) ÷ (400J) × 100%
=50%

Mechanical Systems

Which of the following is not a non-mechanical system? Solution

1. A school
2. A public transportation network
3. A robotic assembly line in manufacturing plant
4. A waste recycling program

A system is a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole. Systems can be mechanical (like robotic assembly lines), or non-mechanical (like a school, public transportation network, or waste recycling program).

Example of Systems

Describe how a system has developed from a need. Pick a specific system and explain how it was developed in response to a specific need. Solution

(Answers may vary)

Example of a non-mechanical system:
Trains invented to connect people and materials long distances at increased efficiency....

Fluids

Which three of the following are fluids? Solution

1. Oxygen Gas
2. Molten Gold
3. Clouds
4. M&M^'s Candies
5. Blocks of Dry Ice

Fluids are gases and liquids.

Mass and Matter

Fill in the blank: Mass is the measure of the amount of ________ in a substance. Volume is the amount of space that ________ takes up. Solution

1. Atoms
2. Elements
3. Matter
4. Quantity
5. Weight

Fill in the blank: Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in a substance. Volume is the amount of space that matter takes up.

The Particle Theory of Matter

Which of the following is NOT part of the Particle Theory of Matter? Solution

1. All matter is made up of particles
2. All particles of a pure substance are identical
3. Particle motion is zero at very low temperatures
4. Gas particles have lower forces of attraction between them than particles in solids and liquids.
5. Gases are less dense than solids and liquids

Thermal Expansion

(Check all answers that apply) The density of water decreases as it goes from: Solution

1. solid to liquid
2. liquid to solid
3. liquid to gas
4. gas to liquid
5. gas to solid

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Why do liquids fill the shape of the container, while solids do not? How do gases expand to completely fill the container? [2] Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

The definition of a fluid is that it expands to fill its container. Liquids and gases are fluids. Solids are not fluids. The molecules of a liquid can slip and slide around to fill the space defined by the container. Gases are less dense than liquids, and can fill the space occupied by the container without respect to gravity. The high kinetic molecular energy of gases ensures the molecules in contact with the edges of the container exert an outward pressure.

Fluids: Archimedes' Principle

The buoyant force is based on the (I)____________ and opposes the force of (II)____________. Solution

1. (I) weight of fluid displaced, (II) gravity
2. (I) volume of fluid in the container, (II) gravity
3. (I) weight of the object submerged, (II) gravity
4. (I) volume of fluid displaced, (II) fluids
5. (I) volume of object submerged, (II) fluids

The buoyant force is based on the weight of fluid displaced and opposes the force of gravity.

This buoyant force is directly related to the weight of the fluid and only partly related to the volume or density of the object displacing this fluid.

Fluids: Pascal's Law

Pascal's Law states that: Solution

1. Fluids fill the volume of a container
2. Fluids expand and contract with changes in temperature
3. Fluids become solid when cooled
4. Fluids are particles that exist in two states: gases and liquids
5. Fluids distribute pressure evenly to all parts of their container

Flow Rate of Fluids

If the flow rate of a fluid is 50 mL per minute, find:

The volume of fluid that flows in 30 s. Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

mL

Hint Unavailable

The flow rate in units of L/hour. Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

L/hour

Hint Unavailable

Density

Two cubes, the exact same size, are filled with different contents. The density of cube A is 10 kg/L and the density of cube B is 40 g/cm³. Which cube is denser? Solution

cube:

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Force, Pressure, and Area

Calculate the pressure of a hydraulic piston if the force applied is 10 N, over a surface area of 20 cm². Solution

P =

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

N/m², (or Pa)

Hint Unavailable

Fluid Flow and Pressure

Fluids always flow from Solution

1. High pressure to low pressure
2. Low pressure to high pressure
3. Top to bottom
4. Big to small reservoirs

Fluids always flow from high pressure to low pressure regions. It is sometimes called a gradient when there are regions with different high and low amounts of something.

Pressure and Temperature

How is pressure proportional to temperature? Solution

1. Directly
2. Inversely
3. Neither
4. It cannot be determined

Pressure is directly proportional to temperature. For example in a closed container with a constant amount of matter and volume, as the temperature inside doubles, the pressure increases by the same amount - double.

Compression of Gases

Gases are easier to compress than solids and liquids because Solution

1. The molecules are moving much faster.
2. The viscosity is lower.
3. There is more space between the gas particles.
4. There is less space between the gas particles.

There is much more space between gas particles (molecules) than solid or liquid because of the higher kinetic energy of the molecules bouncing around and pushing these particles apart. This results in gases like air being more easy to compress than solids like metal or liquids like water.

Salt Water and Fresh Water

The percentage of fresh water on Earth, out of the total water content including salt water, is closest to: Solution

1. 35%
2. 25%
3. 15%
4. 5%

The current estimate is that fresh water is 3% of the total amount of water on Earth.

Groundwater

An aquifer consists of: Solution

1. Water only
2. Water and air
3. Water, loose rock and soil
4. Water, soil, and impermeable bedrock

Water is stored in underground pools as well as in the spaces between loose rock and soil. But not in bedrock, or air.

The Water Cycle

Condensation occurs to convert _________ into _________. Solution

1. Rain into Groundwater
2. Ocean water into Rain
3. Vapor into Clouds
4. Water into Vapor

The part of clouds that we can see are formed by tiny, condensed (liquid) water droplets. Water vapor is the evaporated gaseous form of water in there that we cannot see.

The Water Cycle

Which of the following releases energy into the surrounding air when it occurs? Solution

1. Precipitation
2. Evaporation
3. Transpiration
4. Condensation

Evaporation and transpiration absorb energy - like the cooling effect of perspiration evaporating off skin. Precipitation neither absorbs nor releases energy. Condensation is the only process listed here that actually releases heat energy into the surroundings.

Evaporation Vs. Boiling

Water can change state from a liquid to a gas with temperature far below boiling, 100˚C. Solution

1. True
2. False

Water can evaporate at lower temperatures. Evaporation is a different process from boiling. Boiling uses external energy to heat water molecules with a lot of energy which allows them to escape into the air as gaseous vapor. On the other hand, evaporation occurs at a much slower rate because it uses the energy that is found within the water molecules, which is far less.

The Water Cycle

The movement of water from the atmosphere to the hydrosphere is called precipitation. Solution

1. True
2. False

False, tricky, because the hydrosphere encompasses all the spheres in which water exists, including when it is in gaseous vapor form in the "atmosphere" - this is actually considered in the "hydrosphere" too.

The movement of water from the air to the ground is called Solution

1. Condensation
2. Transpiration
3. Evaporation
4. Precipitation
5. Sublimation

Precipitation is also known as rain, snow, hail, sleet, and a million other different names... Basically it is when H₂O has already condensed and is falling to the ground.

Transpiration is: Solution

1. The absorption of groundwater by plants undergoing photosynthesis.
2. The interaction between groundwater, aquifers, and large bodies of water
3. The water vapor evaporated from plant leaves and exhalation of animals.
4. The runoff and collection of rainwater through a watershed

Transpiration is a significant part of the water cycle. Water moves from the 'ground' to the atmosphere in plants, and from inside animals to the atmosphere.

Watersheds

In North America there are ____ oceanic watersheds. Solution

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5

Arctic, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, and the Pacific.

Heat Capacity

Heat capacity is defined as the Solution

1. Amount of time required for 1.0 L of water to evaporate in the sun.
2. Amount of heat required to change the temperature by a certain amount.
3. Total amount of energy in a material.
4. Total quantity of mass of a material that absorbs heat.

Length of time to heat up and cool down does matter when determining the heat capacity of a material. Heat capacity is just the ability of a material to absorb heat to change its temperature. It is the same as thermal capacity, in which the change in temperature partly depends on the total mass of the material. If two of the same materials are compared where mass 'A' is twice as big as mass 'B' then it would take twice as long for mass 'A' to change temperature by the same amount as mass 'B' so the heat capacity would be twice as high for mass 'A'.

Sea Breeze and Land Breeze

During the daytime, air masses are generally Solution

1. Warmer over land, and generally move from land to water.
2. Warmer over water, and generally move from water to land.
3. Warmer over land, and generally move from water to land.
4. Warmer over water, and generally move from land to water.

Typically, air masses are warmer over land during the daytime because of the lower heat capacity of the ground (compared to water). This allows the air over land to heat up more.

Storms

A powerful storm is classified as a hurricane when wind speeds exceed Solution

1. 73 km/hr
2. 98 km/hr
3. 119 km/hr
4. 131 km/hr

119 km/hr = 33 m/s = 74 mi/hr = 64 knots

Ice Sheets

The name of the ice sheet that once covered Canada many 10,000s of years ago is called the Solution

1. Laurentide ice sheet
2. McSurly ice sheet
3. Kinley ice sheet
4. Kanartic ice sheet

The Laurentide ice sheet receded to reveal the land in Canada.

The Water Table

Describe three natural events that can change the height of a water table Solution

Hint Clear Info

Incorrect Attempts:

CHECK

Hint Unavailable

Flooding, earthquakes, and drought.

Water Quality

An example of a biological contaminant of a water supply is Solution

1. E. Coli
2. Salts
3. Heavy metals
4. Agricultural runoff

Biological refers to microscopic organisms rather than chemicals. The common bacteria, E.Coli is found naturally different places including in every person. It is a biological contaminant when in the water supply.

Sustainability Solution

Bioremediation is the process of Solution

1. Protecting endangered species' water supply.
2. Conservation of wetlands and aquifers.
3. Cleaning water with plants to bacteria microorganisms.
4. Removing salt from wastewater before it enters back into nature.

Bioremediation is the process of cleaning water with plants to bacteria microorganisms.